Productivity : A Quarterly Journal of The National Productivity Council

Abstract
Technological advancement and environmental consciousness in the 21st Century have revolutionized the Work, Workplace, and Workforce. Today, the focus of organizations has shifted beyond profit to planet and people as they realize that to be successful in the long run they need to be sustainable. Hence, the role of HR, as a strategic partner, is to build a sustainable workforce and keep them engaged in sustainable practices in the workplace. This article explores the need for skill development in shaping a sustainable workforce for a greener future.

Authors
Mamta Gaur, Professor, SOB, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Biswabhushan Behera, DGM-HR, GAIL (India) Limited, Bikaji Cama Place, New Delhi, India.
 

Abstract
Skill development programs play an important role by impacting knowledge and skill of individuals, which can contribute to personal and professional development. However, the success of these programs depends upon the intention of the individual to use the skills acquired in the real world. The current study focuses on the factors behind the satisfaction of learners of skill development programs. The study extracted the factors contributing to learner satisfaction using factor analysis, which include Content Quality (CQ), Attitude Development (AT), Platform Usability (PU), and the Perceived Value of Effectiveness (PVE).

Authors
T. P. Jisha, Research Scholar, Department of Commerce, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
M. Sumathy, Professor and Head, Department of Commerce, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

Abstract
Skilled labor is a pre-condition for increasing the productivity and competitiveness among industries. Skilled workers are assets to any organization, adding to their profitability and sustainability. The level of education and training are essential components for skill development. The present study aims to evaluate the level of education and training among workers based on the evidence from the Periodic Labor Force Survey (PLFS) 2023-24 conducted by the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO). The study aims at evaluating the overall status and inter-state comparison in education and training among the labor force and identify the gaps in the same. An attempt has also been made to compare the levels of education and training across gender and location, i.e. rural and urban areas. The results of the study show the critical situation in terms of education and training. Significant differences were seen across rural and urban areas and also across gender. The findings from the study will help governments in policy formulation for skill development in order to increase the competitiveness of industry, which in turn will increase the productivity of workers.

Author
Kishor Bhanushali, Director, Research, Karnavati University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
 

Abstract
The Chenchu tribe of Telangana, designated as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG), has a deep-rooted legacy ofhunting, foraging, and traditional medicinal expertise. Despite facing challenges from industrialisation and political interference, these ancient skills embody the essence of their cultural identity and lifestyle. This research examines the evolution, flexibility, and resilience of Chenchu hereditary skills in contemporary development dynamics. This study examines the impacts of governmental initiatives and socioeconomic advancements via an ethnographic approach. The research aims to emphasize culturally inclusive strategies that safeguard tribal heritage while integrating indigenous knowledge into sustainable development.

Authors
P. Ravi Kiran, Assistant Professor, SCMS-Hyderabad, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, Maharashtra, India.
Prof. Rajesh Kumar Shastri, Professor, Humanities and Social Sciences, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India.
 

Abstract
The term “extension and outreach activities” refers to the proactive steps that an institution takes to share knowledge, expertise, and services with the community at large that are outside of its immediate reach. In other words, “extends” the benefits of its work beyond the institution’s conventional boundaries and “reaches out” to engage with a range of populations. These efforts usually include awareness campaigns, community engagement initiatives, and educational programs designed to address specific needs and issues in the community.
When students are involved in community engagement activities such as outreach, extension or service learning, they become better equipped to relate classroom ideas and knowledge to real-world circumstances since they are involved in practical activities and reflections. Additionally, students research, experiment, make decisions, solve problems think critically, think creatively, communicate, be accountable, gain leadership skills, and make great teams. They are also involved at all levels— intellectual, emotional, social, spiritual, and/or physical. Students gain new skills and develop already existing skill sets.
This paper studies the role of outreach and extension activities in building skills among students of higher education institutions through the case study method. Departments which organise outreach, extension, service-learning activities at Madras Christian College, Chennai, have been taken as cases and the feedback from student participants has been presented in the paper.

Author
Dr. R. Belinda, Director of Extension Programmes (Former Head of the Department of Social Work (SFS)), Christian College, Madras, India.
 

Abstract
This paper explores the importance of the Financial Literacy Skill Development Course for school students in India. With the evergrowing complexity of financial systems, it has become crucial for individuals to possess financial knowledge and skills to make informed financial decisions. However, the lack of financial education in schools often leads to poor financial management and decision-making, resulting in financial insecurity and debt. This paper investigates the Financial Literacy Skill Development Courses among senior secondary students, exploring its implications and discussing the benefits and challenges of implementing such programs. It also analyses the current state of the Financial Literacy Skill Development Courses among school students in India and proposes recommendations for improving financial education. The paper concludes that providing financial education to school students is essential for equipping them with the necessary knowledge and skills to make informed financial decisions, ensuring their financial well-being and contributing to the growth of the Indian economy.

Authors
Deeksha Chaurasia, Assistant Professor, Department of Business and Commerce, Pandit Sunderlal Sharma Central Institute of Vocational Education, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
R. Ravichandran, Associate Professor, Department of Humanities, Science, Education and Research, Pandit Sunderlal Sharma Central Institute of Vocational Education, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
 

Abstract
This study examines the potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to revolutionise education, emphasizing how AI technologies can empower teachers and provide more individualised, inclusive learning environments. Through a review of literature and analysis of secondary data, the study investigates AI’s impact on teacher autonomy, equity, professional development, and emotional intelligence. Findings highlight AI’s capacity to support diverse learners, improve teacher-student relationships, and enhance pedagogical practices, but challenges such as access, bias, and teacher training remain. The paper concludes with recommendations for inclusive AI integration and suggests future research directions to address these gaps and ensure equitable educational outcomes.

Authors
Raveesh Agarwal, Professor & Head of Department - Business Administration, Rajshree Institute of Management & Technology, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Ankur Bhatnagar, Research Scholar, Sangam University, Bhilwara, Rajasthan, India.
 

Abstract
India’s food production and nutritional landscape depicts a complex interplay of progress and persistent challenges. Despite substantial increases in food grain production — from 50.83 million tons in 1950-51 to 328.85 million tons in 2023-24 — over 200 million Indians still struggle with hunger, exacerbated by starvation and droughts.This emphasizes the critical need for comprehensive food security measures. The per capita availability of foodgrains has improved, yet variability in pulse production and shifts in spending patterns reflect ongoing challenges. India’s performance on the Global Hunger Index, though improved from “Extremely Alarming” in 1990 to “Serious” in recent years, reveals persistent food security issues. The calorie and protein intake show improvements, but disparities and rising fat consumption highlight nutritional challenges. Food production and procurement have increased, but maintaining consistent buffer stocks remains crucial. India’s ranking on the Global Hunger Index has faced criticism from the government, with question raised on the representativeness of the data used. Despite progress in certain areas, the ongoing high levels of hunger and economic disparities indicate the need for sustained and enhanced efforts to ensure comprehensive food security and address malnutrition. Various government programs such as the Public Distribution System (PDS), Mid-Day Meal Scheme, and the POSHAN Abhiyan aim to address malnutrition. The government is emphasizing production, processing and consumption of millets. Steps are also being taken for the fortification of food and for reaching to the poorest of the poor through various government schemes. A number of climate resilient varieties are being developed and released by National Agricultural Research System (NARS) in order to stabilize food production by overcoming the challenge of climate change.

Authors
Pramod Kumar, Principal Scientist, Division of Agricultural Economics, IARI, New Delhi, India.
Adrita Dam, Research Scholars, Division of Agricultural Economics, IARI, New Delhi, India.
Anbukkani P., Senior Scientist, Division of Agricultural Economics, IARI, New Delhi, India.
Nithyashree M.L., Senior Scientist, Division of Agricultural Economics, IARI, New Delhi, India.
 

Abstract
The scheme is understood to be a game changer - the most ambitious and innovative social welfare scheme that is touted to be the world’s largest. While analysing the requirements of such a health reform in India, which aims to move towards UHC (Universal Health Coverage), ‘Ayushman Mitras’ has been situated at each empanelled hospital under the Ayushman Bharat scheme to help hospitals spread awareness and provide a seamless experience to the patient (education, health and care plan). The PMAM is a certified frontline health care professional who will be the patient’s initial point of contact. Originally, the PMAM was deemed to be the most significant individual under the scheme.The research conducted is both qualitative and quantitative in nature. This paper is more focussed on how the PMAM is playing the catalytic role of being the “game changer.” These pertain to relevant questions and research points related to the implementation of the AB scheme in the aspirational districts, the empanelment of district hospitals, and details about the beneficiaries under the AB scheme through the lenses of PMAM.

Authors
Nomita P Kumar, Assistant Professor (Senior), Giri Institute of Development Studies, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Kavita Baliyan, Assistant Professor, Giri Institute of Development Studies, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
 

Abstract
This study explores consumer protection in India’s e-commerce sector, focusing on the effectiveness of regulations like the Consumer Protection (E-Commerce) Rules, 2020. Despite the regulatory advancements, findings reveal significant gaps in enforcement and consumer awareness, leading to persistent issues such as fraud, delayed deliveries, and unsatisfactory grievance resolution. Consumer awareness remains low, and many face difficulties navigating redressal systems. This research evaluates the impact of existing laws on addressing these concerns, explores the role of consumer education in fostering trust, and investigates challenges in using grievance mechanisms. Based on these insights, the study proposes recommendations to enhance regulatory frameworks and address emerging issues like S-commerce.

Author
Deepak Mahaur, Research Scholar, Faculty of Commerce, Veer Kunwar Singh University, Arrah, Bihar, India.
 

Abstract:
Over the last three decades, India has experienced remarkable economic progress. At the same time, a rapid population growth is experienced in this country. This rapid population growth enables India to have a large young workforce, which in turn fuels India’s economic expansion. On the other hand, this population boom exacerbates different socio-economic and environmental issues. It leads to poverty, inequality, puts strain on resources, places a burden on essential services and infrastructures like healthcare, education, sanitation, stimulates employment pressure, etc. Employing this huge young population is not possible through the traditional Indian agricultural sector. Hence, to address prevailing issues that arise with population growth and employ the huge young population, India needs to establish industries and transition towards a manufacturing and service-driven economy. In this regard, the establishment of startups can help India make this transition successful. Further, these startups and their resulting benefits can assist India in addressing different pressing issues and achieving inclusive and sustainable development. In this context, the present study aims to deliver insights into the present status of startups in India and examines how one of the major outcomes of startups, i.e., enhancement of industrial employment, influences India’s inclusive and sustainable development. To achieve these objectives, graphical analysis and time-series econometric analysis are used in this study. It is found that the startup ecosystem flourishes remarkably in India, and these startups exert a direct impact on socio-economic development in India. These startups become a key contributor to India’s job market, technological progress, industrial development, innovation, regional equity, and women-led development. Furthermore, India’s sustainable development is also favourably influenced by one of the major outcomes of startups, i.e., industrial employment.

Authors:
Biswajit Paul, Assistant Professor, PG and Research Department of Commerce, University of Gour Banga, Malda, West Bengal, 
Ashish Kumar Sana, Professor, Department of Commerce, University of Calcutta, West Bengal, 
 

Abstract:
India’s ambitious vision of becoming a developed nation by 2047 coinciding with 100 years of independence hinges critically on the pillars of education and skill development. The transformation into a self-reliant, globally competitive, and inclusive nation requires an agile and robust human capital base equipped with both foundational knowledge and practical expertise. This paper explores the strategic role of education and skill development in realizing the vision of Viksit Bharat 2047. It analyzes key policy reforms such as the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, integration of technology in learning, and the emphasis on value-based and inclusive education. It further examines skill development strategies including vocational training, upskilling, entrepreneurship promotion, and inclusive outreach initiatives to ensure equitable access. Investigating how education and skill development systems can be optimized to address evolving economic and technological demands, this paper offers actionable insights to strengthen India’s knowledge economy. The study provides a comprehensive overview of initiatives and interventions that, if implemented effectively, can catalyze socio-economic transformation and sustainable national development.

Author: 
Deeksha Chaurasia, Assistant Professor, Department of Business and Commerce, Pandit Sunderlal Sharma Central Institute of Vocational Education, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 
 

Abstract:
Over the last decade, a remarkable transformation has been witnessed in the startup ecosystem in India. A 2025 McKinsey report titled Demographic Transition and Depopulation states that India has 33 years to capitalize demographic dividend. India has established itself the 3rd largest startup ecosystem in the world with more than 1.59 lakh startups recognized by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade in January 2025. Various sectors like fintech, edtech, health tech, and e-commerce registered a rapid growth in startup ventures. This paper aims to explore the current landscape of Indian startups, examine governments’ funding and incentives along with offering recommendations for its scaling.

Authors:
Ruchi Gupta, Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, Iswar Saran Degree College, Central University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh
 

Abstract:
Startups are engines of economic growth around the world. These are rapidly evolving in developing nations, bringing technological innovations, and generating income and employment. The government of India launched the Startup India Scheme in 2016 to promote the startup ecosystem in the economy. The main aim of this paper is to explore the status of startups in the Indian economy. The international growth of startups and the ranking of startup ecosystems of various countries are also highlighted. The study is based on primary as well as secondary data. Primary data is collected from 100 male and female startups in Punjab state of India. The data is analysed to elaborate on the economic contribution of startups in terms of investment, income and employment generation in different sectors of the Indian economy

Authors:
Ashu Chauhan, Research Scholar, Department of Economics, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 
Deepty Bansal, Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University College, Ghanaur, Patiala, Punjab, 
 

Abstract:
India’s startup ecosystem, though vibrant, faces an 80–90% failure rate within the first 3 to 5 years. While success stories dominate discourse, research on failures is limited. This study investigates systemic causes, strategic missteps, financial mismanagement, governance flaws, and ecosystem gaps, using a mixed-methods approach. Grounded in resource-based view, liability of newness, and institutional theory, it introduces the seven-pillar ‘STARTUP Recovery Framework.’ Beyond diagnosing failure, it offers actionable insights for entrepreneurs, investors, policymakers, and incubators. The study urges a cultural shift to view failure as a learning tool, presenting both a theoretical foundation and a practical roadmap to strengthen India’s entrepreneurial resilience

Authors:
Meghasham Chaudhari, PhD Scholar, Dr. Vishwanath Karad MIT World Peace University, Pune & Assistant Professor, School of Business, Indira University, Pune, Maharashtra, 
Smrutiranjan Mohanty, Associate Professor, School of Business, Indira University, Pune, Maharashtra
 

Abstract:
The Government of India and concerned State Governments are implementing plenty of Programmes/Schemes for Startups like the Innovation Voucher Programme A and B for Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) on Entrepreneurship. Out of the 17 SDGs, Goal 8 relates to Decent Work and Economic Growth, and Goal 9 relates to Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure. The objective of the research is to study 10 Steps to Become a Startup Entrepreneur and various schemes from the Government of Tamil Nadu such as the Innovation Voucher Programme and TANSEED for startups, and their relevance to Sustainable Development Goals. The study employs a secondary data analysis methodology focusing on data such as the Number of Startups and Grants Released to Startups. The secondary data is further analyzed using various business analysis techniques including descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, regression analysis, predictive modeling, prescriptive analytics, and decision analysis. Innovation and Entrepreneurship Development are the need of the hour, as it not only provides self-employment but also help to eradicate unemployment by creating more employment opportunities. The economic development of Tamil Nadu can be significantly enhanced if students and aspiring entrepreneurs adopt the “10 Steps to Becoming a Startup Entrepreneur” model. The Government of Tamil Nadu provides significant support, more than 39% of the total investment as assistance for a Startup/ entrepreneurs/promoters who are expected to contribute around 7%, and the remaining 54% will come from Bank credit in Tamil Nadu. Among the most effective government schemes available are the Innovation Voucher Programme (IVP) and the Tamil Nadu Startup Seed Grant Fund (TANSEED), providing financial grants to help startups launch and grow their ventures. To conclude, Startups/MSMEs/Entrepreneurs/Students are to be encouraged to leverage these government programmes on entrepreneurship to decrease the cost of investment and increase profit.

Author: 
E. Bhaskaran, Joint Director (Engineering)/General Manager, Department of Industries and Commerce, Government of Tamil Nadu,
 

Abstract:
The rise of startups as engines of economic growth and innovation has brought increased attention to the role of venture capital. This study, aims to investigate the differences between VC-funded and Non-VC-funded startups in terms of founder and firm attributes. We found that the revenue of Non-VC startups is significantly higher in the single-founder case but lower in many many-founder category. Medians of the two groups are equal, indicating the presence of outliers. VC-backed startups were more likely to have work experience in a similar industry. Both male and female startups were equally likely to receive VC investment, but this could be an attribute of our data set. The variable ‘VC investment’ was insignificant in the regression model, indicating comparable revenue performance of both types of startups.

Author:
Amrin Fakih, Research Scholar, CRUA, Institute for Social and Economic Change (ISEC), Bengaluru, Karnataka, 
 

Abstract:
India’s entrepreneurial activity is thriving, driven by rapidly increasing digital transformation, sustainable and social focus, and an upsurge in startups & innovation. This study explores the association between entrepreneurial intention and startup creation, based on the established theoretical models to understand how Entrepreneurship Education turns Intentions into Actions. The present study employs a quantitative approach, surveying a diverse sample of students in Prayagraj city, who have undergone Entrepreneurship Education programs in various higher educational institutions of the city. Depending upon the research hypothesis, several data analysis approaches are used by using SPSS software. By analyzing the specialized literature, four research hypotheses were developed that and tested on a sample of 142 postgraduate management students within the Prayagraj city who had the entrepreneurship courses in their curriculum, with the help of a questionnaire-based survey. The outcomes of the study posit a strong correlation between Entrepreneurial Intention and Entrepreneurship Education, indicating that structured educational programs can effectively foster an entrepreneurial mindset. This paper contributes towards the efficacy of entrepreneurship education in cultivating future entrepreneurs and provides practical suggestions for improving curriculum design for educators and legislators. Therefore, the findings suggest that strengthening entrepreneurial intention through targeted interventions can significantly enhance the rate and quality of startup formation.

Authors:
Pragati Gupta, Junior Research Fellow, Department of Commerce & Business Administration, Faculty of Commerce, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh,
Anvita Raghuvanshi, Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce & Business Administration, Faculty of Commerce, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, 
 

Abstract:
While the core state considers inequality as a quantitative measure, on the ground, it is more qualitative. The precise reason is that it is more than and different from economic inequality only particularly in India, where inequality is more socio-cultural, and where the less equal remain silent on the inequality issue. This paper examines both social structure and state concern on the inequality issue and concludes that it is the responsibility of civil society to unearth the reasons why inequality persists, while accepting that inequality is inevitable because of tradition-based social structure and economic growth.

Author:
Bhaskar Majumder, Professor of Economics (Retired), G.B.Pant Social Science Institute, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh
 

Abstract:
This study examines the impact of e-commerce on woman entrepreneurs in the Agra district of Uttar Pradesh, focusing on three main objectives: assessing their awareness of e-commerce platforms, analyzing the challenges and opportunities they encounter, and exploring the connection between e-commerce and emerging markets. The research aims to understand how well woman entrepreneurs are informed about digital platforms, the barriers they face, such as technological difficulties, competition, and logistics, and the opportunities for growth, such as expanded market access and cost reduction. Additionally, it explores how e-commerce can link woman entrepreneurs to emerging markets, offering pathways to broader economic participation and growth. The study’s findings will provide insights into how e-commerce can empower woman entrepreneurs and help shape strategies for their successful integration into the digital economy.

Author:
Bhawna Johri, Department of Applied Business Economics, Faculty of Commerce, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, Uttar Pradesh,
 

Abstract
A country’s institutional indexing determines the governance structures it upholds. It keeps on evolving with the changing nature of the state and helps us understand the contemporary world. Good governance represents an efficient administration within a democratic set-up. Identifying and assessing multidimensional concepts of governance requires a systematic approach. In today’s era, digital technologies should be employed to promote a more revolutionary and efficient society. However, regulation and control must also be touched upon with great attention from the government. A more responsive and transparent government must replace outdated systems that often create distance between authority and citizens.

Author
Sangit Sarita Dwivedi, Professor, Department of Political Science, Bharati College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.
 

Abstract
Over the last several decades, the concept of good governance has undergone a profound evolution, shifting from a rigid, rule-bound bureaucracy to one that prizes adaptability, multiparty collaboration, and the capacity to harness innovation. This essay identifies the driving forces behind this shift: the heightened expectations of citizens, the widespread adoption of digital technologies, the forces of globalisation, and the complex, interdependent challenges that characterise the twenty-first century. Through a lens centred on responsiveness, participatory inclusivity, and analytical evidence, the authors interrogate the emergence and diffusion of governance architectures labelled collaborative, agile, and dynamic. The analysis broadens to consider how the normative principles that once anchored the public sector are now migrating into universities, non-profits, and corporate governance, reshaping practices and cultures. The argument culminates in a call to reformulate the meaning of governance itself, centred on anticipatory systemic thinking, design that prioritises citizen experience, and a comparative synthesis of global case evidence. Drawing on frameworks from complexity theory, contemporaneous policy materials, and trans-sectoral partnerships, the conclusions intend to enrich ongoing debates about how to recalibrate public institutions so that they cultivate resilience, responsiveness, and legitimacy in a world marked by escalating uncertainty.

Authors
Rahul Tripathi, Professor and Director, Amity School of Liberal Arts, Amity University Rajasthan, India.
Avinash Kumar, Assistant Professor, Amity School of Liberal Arts, Amity University Rajasthan, India.
 

Abstract
Information & Communication Technologies (ICTs) make a difference in the way citizens can realise these services. Therefore, it is essential to examine the elements contributing to the suffering and harassment of residents, enabling effective intervention and enhancing government services. This study employs a participatory stakeholder analysis to examine these aspects. An effort is made to rank these based on mean scores after using factor analysis for factor reduction. The researchers attempt to examine the average scores of academicians and policymakers to ascertain any differences in opinion between the two groups about pain and harassment elements. The purpose of this paper is to expand upon previous research on the topic of e-governance obstacles so that potential solutions can be considered for efficient governance.

Authors
Nirmaljeet Singh Kalsi, Distinguished Visiting Professor, IIT Ropar, Department of Computer Science & Engineering; Professor of Practice, MDI, Gurugram, School of Public Policy & Governance; Adjunct Professor, IIT Roorkee and UPES University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand India.
Ravi Kiran, Professor and Former Head, School of Humanities & Social Sciences, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India.
 

Abstract
The term ‘smart cities’ is a newly introduced concept in urban studies. The concept of a smart city emerged as a possible solution to address the problems of urban dwellers. With the introduction of smart technologies, urban infrastructure has a sustainable approach to combat climate change. A smart city focuses on developing an inclusive and resilient society. The use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) helps to reduce the trust deficit between the government and citizens. ICT helps in removing inefficiency of the administration and managing city administration. The smart city concept underlines the significance of ICT in preparing the cities for future challenges. It is noticeable that there is no standard definition of a smart city, but the concept has gained the attention of everyone.

Author
Aman Singh, Guest Faculty, Department of Public Administration, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
 

Abstract
The Ministry of MSMEs and the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade of the Government of India, have undertaken several governance initiatives for micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and impact of e-governance initiatives in enhancing the growth, competitiveness, and sustainability of micro, small, and medium enterprises in India by identifying major e-governance portals and digital initiatives implemented for MSMEs and startups by the Government of India, to examine the policy framework and institutional support underpinning these initiatives and to recommend strategies for improving the accessibility, usability, and long-term sustainability of e-governance systems for MSMEs. Secondary data was collected from various Government of India websites and analysed using techniques like diagnostic analysis, descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, regression analysis, inferential analysis, predictive analysis, prescriptive analysis and decision analytics. The governance initiatives of the Government of India are excellent in that they benefit the MSME sector in India.

Author
E. Bhaskaran, General Manager / Joint Director (Engineering), Department of Industries and Commerce, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai.
 

Abstract
Corporate governance, as a system for directing and controlling corporations, has gained increasing importance in the globalized economy, where transparency, accountability, and stakeholder protection are essential for sustainable growth. In India, the evolution of corporate governance has been shaped by a combination of economic reforms, corporate scandals, and judicial interventions, resulting in the development of a comprehensive legal and regulatory framework. The enactment of the Companies Act, 2013, introduced landmark provisions relating to board independence, corporate social responsibility (CSR), and disclosure requirements, while the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has reinforced compliance through its Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements (LODR). These measures aim to strengthen investor confidence, safeguard minority shareholders, and align corporate practices with ethical and sustainable business models.This paper undertakes a critical study of corporate governance under Indian law by examining statutory provisions, regulatory guidelines, and judicial precedents that shape corporate behaviour. It further highlights the challenges faced in enforcement, such as superficial compliance, lack of accountability among independent directors, and the persistence of financial irregularities, as exemplified by scandals like Satyam (2009) and the IL & FS crisis (2018). The study also situates India within the global context, where governance models in the United States and the United Kingdom emphasize stricter enforcement and shareholder activism, while India has adopted a hybrid model that uniquely integrates CSR as a statutory obligation. By critically analysing the effectiveness of current laws and regulations, the paper argues that Indian corporate governance, though progressive on paper, often suffers from weak institutional enforcement and limited stakeholder participation. It suggests that reforms such as strengthening regulatory capacity, empowering whistle-blowers, and leveraging technology for transparency are essential for bridging the gap between legal mandates and corporate practice. Ultimately, robust corporate governance is not only vital for protecting investors and ensuring fair markets but also for advancing sustainable development in line with India’s broader economic and social objectives.

Authors
Qazi Mohammad Usman, Professor, Faculty of Law, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi.
Alam Musheer, Research Scholar, Faculty of Law, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi.
 

Abstract
Governance in the twenty-first century is increasingly defined by transparency, accountability, efficiency, and citizen-centric service delivery. In India, the vast administrative machinery faces persistent challenges of capacity building, skill gaps, and outdated bureaucratic practices. To address these issues, the Government of India launched Mission Karmayogi: National Programme for Civil Services Capacity Building (NPCSCB) in 2020. At the core of this initiative lies the Karmayogi app, a digital learning platform designed to equip civil servants with role-based competencies, ethical orientation, and continuous learning opportunities. This research paper examines the role of the Karmayogi app in bureaucratic reform and its contribution to strengthening good governance practices. Drawing upon governance theories, administrative reforms, and digital learning frameworks, the study situates Mission Karmayogi within the global discourse on e-Governance and capacity building. Employing a qualitative and exploratory approach, it relies on secondary data, including case study analyses of selected central and state ministries and international parallels. The findings suggest that the Karmayogi app enhances bureaucratic efficiency by promoting continuous learning, transparency in training outcomes, and improved accountability in service delivery. It fosters competency development in leadership, ethical governance, and citizen responsiveness. However, challenges such as uneven digital infrastructure, resistance to change, and limited inclusivity persist. The paper concludes that integrating digital learning platforms into governance frameworks represents a transformative step for bureaucratic reform in India. Policy recommendations emphasise localised content, robust evaluation systems, and incentives for adoption to ensure the long-term success of Mission Karmayogi.

Authors
Deeksha Chaurasia, Assistant Professor, Department of Humanities, Science, Education and Research, Pandit Sunderlal Sharma Central Institute of Vocational Education, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
Raju Boarkar, Section Officer, Pandit Sunderlal Sharma Central Institute of Vocational Education, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
 

Abstract
It is safe to say that the introduction of computers into contemporary workplaces has fundamentally altered the productivity landscape across all sectors. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between computer technology and productivity, examining both the positive and negative effects of this connection. Through an examination of the role computers play in optimising processes, improving communication, and enabling automation, the study illustrates how digital technologies have contributed to increased production and efficiency. In addition, it addresses the obstacles, which include dependence on technology, concerns over cybersecurity, and the potential for distractions related to work. To present a well-rounded perspective on the ways in which computers have transformed work environments, this study aims to conduct a comprehensive assessment of case studies, empirical data, and theoretical frameworks. According to the findings, although computers are a catalyst for considerable advances in productivity, the impact of these machines depends on proper management, adaptation, and the optimisation of technology resources.

Author
V. Basil Hans, Research Professor, V. Basil Hans holds a position at Srinivas University in Mangalore, Karnataka, India.
 

Abstract
Step-wise migration is an economic function in the context of migration from Uttar Pradesh to Gulf countries due to internal and international migration. The primary objective of this research paper is focused on the prediction of the probability from occurrence of step migration to Gulf countries through empirical because field surveys in Uttar Pradesh from 2017 to 2018. The findings of the study show that there are dual-step phenomena of Gulf migration of the higher wages in the international labour market compared to the internal labour market in India. These consequences may be predicated on the positive role of the pull factor as higher wages in Gulf migration, in the phenomena of facilitating migration from Uttar Pradesh to the Gulf via internal migration, with long-term positive consequences of Gulf migration in the periphery of shifting of internal migration into international migration in Uttar Pradesh.

Author
Mohammed Taukeer, Research Fellow, International Institute of Migration and Development, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.
 

Abstract
This research paper provides a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on India’s economic growth and employment generation. FDI has been a crucial component of India’s economic strategy since the liberalization reforms of 1991. This paper explores how FDI contributes to GDP growth, sectoral employment distribution, and the broader economic landscape. The study also delves into the reasons for declining FDI inflows in recent years, comparing India’s performance with key Southeast Asian economies (Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines) from 2010 to 2020. Using panel data regression analysis, this paper quantifies th effects of GDP growth, trade openness, inflation, infrastructure quality, political stability, ease of doing business, and corporate taxation on FDI inflows. The findings suggest that while FDI significantly enhances GDP growth, its direct impact on employment varies across sectors, depending on labor intensity, investment policies, and industry competitiveness. The paper also investigates global capital flows and how shifts in geopolitical and macroeconomic conditions influence FDI redirection from India to Southeast Asia. Furthermore, the research evaluates India’s FDI policies in relation to global best practices and provides targeted policy recommendations to enhance India’s attractiveness as an investment destination. The findings from this paper contribute to an improved understanding of FDI dynamics and its role in shaping employment trends and economic progress in emerging markets like India.

Authors
P. Paramashivaiah, Senior Professor and Dean, Department of Studies and Research in Commerce, Tumkur University, Tumkur, Karnataka India.
Shreya Chakraborthy, Assistant Professor, Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS), Bengaluru. Karnataka India.
 

Abstract
This article highlights the intricate intersection of cybersecurity and law, delving into the legal ramifications of cyber incidents and its impact on safeguarding digital assets. With a focus on the regulatory frameworks, liability issues, and enforcement mechanisms, the study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the evolving landscape. By examining the challenges and opportunities in safeguarding digital assets, this research contributes to the ongoing discourse on strengthening the legal foundations crucial for mitigating cyber threats and ensuring the resilience of our increasingly interconnected digital ecosystems.

Authors :
Vandana Ajay Kumar
Professor, Department of Laws, Panjab University, Chandigarh, Punjab, India.

Sachin Bhardwaj
Assistant Professor, SVKM’s Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India.

Mahipal Lather
Joint Director (Legal), Ministry of Defence, Govt of India.
 

Abstract
Technology, roughly speaking, is a process or method involving use of machines in general, which when applied increases the frequency, efficiency or speed of performing some act; such application resulting in a marked improvement in the state of affairs. Technology, then, is always a product of one’s labour - physical as well as intellectual - and, hence, needs to be protected. In India, the internet started on a small scale but progressed well for a short time. However, its growth was slow and painful. Cybercrimes have become increasingly prevalent, with new kinds and manifestations of cybercriminal activities catching attention. According to the NCRB, India saw a rise of 24 percent in cybercrimes registered in 2022, as compared to 2021. There is therefore, a need to enact relevant government policies and cyber laws, which are necessary for regulating the cyber world in India. The legal system must play an important role in effectively regulating cybercriminal activities. The cybersecurity measures in India are quite ineffective.

Authors :
Vivek Kumar, Kusuma Vati and Apeksha Chaudhary
Assistant Professor, Institute of Legal Studies, Ch. Charan Singh University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
 

Abstract
This article investigates the effects of perceived traceability, anonymity, and self-efficacy on the intention to invest in cryptocurrency. The report is based on a survey of a sample of 235 cryptocurrency investors from Kerala, India. The study design is descriptive, with a focus on the security behaviours of crypto-asset users and the cybersecurity concerns that the crypto business faces. The findings of the multiple regression analysis show that perceived traceability, perceived anonymity, and perceived self efficacy all have a substantial impact on the intention to invest in cryptocurrencies. Perceived traceability and anonymity are positively related to investment intentions. Perceived self-efficacy also has a favourable influence on investment intention, implying that those who are more confident in their ability to carry out cryptocurrency transactions are more likely to invest.

Authors :
K. Mohammed Nabeel
Ph.D Research Scholar, Senior Research Fellow, School of Commerce, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

M. Sumathy 
Professor & Head, School of Commerce, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

Abstract
The pace of digitalization has accelerated, and internet connectivity has expanded beyond traditional computers and mobile phones to encompass other cyber-physical or smart systems. This introduces a new paradigm of threats, including remote exploitation of operational technology networks and systems, such as air defence and coastal surveillance networks, power grids, pipelines, air traffic control systems, port operation systems, railway signaling systems, satellites, industrial plants, and more. Based on the lessons learned, there is an urgent need to further strengthen the cyber resilience of critical national functions, business and industrial processes, and the underlying ICT infrastructure and systems. In the present review article, we review some globally accepted cybersecurity standards and frameworks like NIST CSF, ISO 27001, CRR Framework, CIS Control Framework, and SCF; and three popular cybersecurity maturity models, viz., CMMC, C2M2, and SCF-SP-CMM.

Authors :
Sandeep K. Shukla
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Madhusree Kole, Ashish K. Upadhyay, Ayush Sinha, Preet Sharma, Manas Sarkar, Sandeep Kumar Yadav and Sarang Raj Chourasia
C3iHub, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.
 

Abstract
Cyber challenges have come to the forefront in recent times. This raises the question as to what are the factors driving cyberspending by firms. To inform this debate, we utilize data on Indian firms for the year 2023. Using two definitions of cyber – narrow and broad - we find that size, age, liquid assets, profitability and leverage are the key drivers of cyber expense. These findings hold after accounting for ownership and industry level controls. Viewed from this standpoint, the study sheds light on the drivers of cybersecurity spending in manufacturing and services firms.

Author :
Saibal Ghosh  
Expert (Adviser), Qatar Central Bank, Doha, Qatar.
 

Abstract
Industry 6.0 is the convergence of various ideas, generating in the minds of leaders, scientists, predicators, and researchers. Industry 6.0 is one step further than Industry 4.0 and 5.0; every operation would be controlled by the human mind and performed by automated robots by covering all planetary boundaries. The objective of this study is to ascertain productivity increase due to the implementation of Industry 4.0 and cybersecurity; to study the implementation of Industry 4.0 and cybersecurity using business analytics techniques and to give suggestions on increasing productivity by cost minimization and profit maximization to the Tirupattur Engineering Cluster (TEC) in the Tirupattur district of Tamil Nadu. The methodology consists of the collection of primary and secondary data from TEC and the Industrial Training Institute, Vaniyambadi. The data was analyzed using descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, regression analysis and structural equation modelling. The study found that the TEC enterprises have been coordinating with each other to implement Industry 4.0 and cybersecurity, as well as Industry 5.0 and Industry 6.0 to compete in the global market, thereby reducing the cost of production and increasing productivity, turnover and profit.

Author :
E. Bhaskaran
General Manager-Grade-I / Joint Director (Engi neering), Depart ment of Industries and Commerce, Government of Tamil Nadu, Tirupattur, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

Abstract
Despite taking initiatives for the cybersecurity industry, India’s rank in the MIT Cyber Defence Index 2022-23 is low. In this background, the paper discusses three distinct aspects, i.e., women in the cybersecurity industry, cybersecurity for women engaged in the micro sector, and cybercrime against women and suggests a framework with the corporate sector at its centre for improving the situation.

Author :
Seema Singh 
Professor of Economics, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India.
 

Abstract
Understanding the dynamics of cryptocurrency trading, investment behaviour, regulatory challenges, and cybersecurity concerns among the youth in Rajasthan is crucial for developing informed policies and strategies to support and safeguard their participation in this rapidly evolving digital economy. The purpose of this research is to examine the factors that influence the use of cryptocurrencies among young people in the Indian state of Rajasthan by looking at their trading habits, investment habits, cybersecurity, and knowledge of relevant regulations. To better understand people’s beliefs and habits about cryptocurrencies, a survey was conducted with a sample size of 245. This study analysed responses using quantitative and descriptive statistics to help researchers spot patterns and draw conclusions. The results show that young people in Rajasthan engage in various trading and investment behaviours using cryptocurrencies, highlighting the necessity for personalized educational and regulatory methods. Financial and educational resources were found to have a substantial impact on the adoption of cryptocurrency, in another finding from the study. The respondents’ awareness of the regulatory difficulties related with cryptocurrency is particularly noteworthy. It was also discovered that there is a substantial correlation between investors’ estimates of the potential advantages, cybersecurity and hazards of bitcoin investments. In sum, this study adds to our understanding of the state of the bitcoin market among young people in Rajasthan and should prove useful to policymakers, educators, and industry players. This research highlights the significance of encouraging a responsible and well-informed approach to cryptocurrency use and regulation in the region as cryptocurrencies continue to grow in popularity.

Author :
Anurodh Godha
Associate Professor, Department of Commerce, School of Commerce and Management, Director, Regional Centre, Ajmer, Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Kota, Rajasthan, India.
 

Abstract
The purpose of this paper was to examine the types of needs that the households of the selected village could fulfil and could expect to fulfil. The objectives of the paper were to examine the means of livelihood of the households, what private and public needs they could fulfil, the culture and caste questions in the village that helped or hindered their access to utilities. The households lived to fulfil subsistence needs that were mainly food-based. It is the responsibility of the Government of Uttar Pradesh to provide them with public utilities. The households ensure their need-based private utilities.

Author :
Bhaskar Majumder
Professor (Retired), G. B. Pant Social Science Institute, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.
 

Abstract
Indian federalism is unique in spirit and her practice of cooperative federalism has placed her as a successful democratic state in the world today. However, there are several lacunas in her federalism with respect to the discourse on water disputes, which need to be addressed. Although there are various constitutional provisions apart from the statutory laws and obligations on the part of the centre and the states, there is a significant growth in water dispute cases in the country. The Mahanadi river water dispute between the states of Odisha and Chhattisgarh is one such case. This paper explores the significant issues in this dispute while drawing insights from similar cases across the country. It also suggests a way forward in resolving river water disputes, given the importance of river water, which is becoming a scarce commodity requiring just and fair management.

Authors :
Bishnupriya Panda
Bishnupriya Panda is a Doctoral Scholar in the Department of Political Science, Utkal University and is also a faculty in the Department of Political Science, Gopabandhu Science College, Athgarh, Cuttack, Odisha, India.

Seema Mallik
Seema Mallik is faculty in the Department of Political Science, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
 

Abstract
Savings is considered a driver of economic growth as it contributes to investment in an economy. In this context, this study examines the validity of the savings-led growth hypothesis in India over the sample period spanning from 1961 to 2022. By estimating the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ADL) model, the study found a positive effect of savings on economic growth in the country. Thus, the study validates the savings-led growth hypothesis. The implication is that sustaining higher economic growth requires an increase in gross domestic savings. So, the study recommends savings promotion measures in the country. Therefore, the Viksit Bharat@2047 mission is not an unattainable goal in the country.

Author :
P. K. Mishra : Department of Economic Studies, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
 

Abstract
The Indian economy has undergone substantial changes in the post-reform era, marked by a shift towards greater market orientation in policy and notable macroeconomic progress, including the development of a diverse financial market and increased global integration. Recognizing the pivotal role of domestic savings in fostering capital accumulation and supporting sustained economic growth, there is a pertinent need to reassess the factors influencing savings behaviour within this altered economic landscape. Against this backdrop, this study empirically examines the determinants of domestic savings in India using the latest available data. Employing the ARDL approach, which is well-suited for modeling equations involving both stationary and nonstationary variables of order I(1) and addressing potential endogeneity issues, the findings indicate that GDP, financial development, age dependency, inflation, fiscal deficit, real interest rate, and net barter terms of trade exert statistically significant influences on domestic savings in both the short and long term. In terms of policy implications, maintaining price stability and ensuring continuity in the growth trajectory are recommended strategies for bolstering savings and perpetuating the symbiotic relationship between savings and economic expansion in India. Further, through increasing economic development and income levels, policies like export diversification, trade barrier reduction, and competitiveness enhancement that aim to improve the net barter terms of trade can have a favorable effect on domestic savings.
 

Authors :
Suresh Kumar Patra : Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India.
Rajiv Kant Yadav : Department of Economics, School of Social Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India.
Saurabh Kumar : Assistant Professor, Department of Statistics, Central University of Rajasthan, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India.
 

Abstract
Households are the main contributors to the domestic savings of the country. The income received by the households can be invested in productive purposes which will help in the growth of the economy. The changing nature of the consumption expenditure highlights the changes in the consumption pattern of the households. The social and economic changes make the household preference their income for consumption, saving, and investment. The paper tries to analyze household savings which have a major share in gross savings. The major share of household savings goes to bank deposits, loans and financial liabilities.

Authors:
Mary K. Francis : Assistant Professors Post Graduate and Research Department of Economics, St. Thomas College (Autonomous), Thrissur, Kerala, India.
Sabu P. J. : Assistant Professors Post Graduate and Research Department of Economics, St. Thomas College (Autonomous), Thrissur, Kerala, India.
 

Abstract
Savings are one of the highly important components that may be used to create capital and invest to increase production, employment, income, and other socio-economic factors that contribute to the development of a nation. However, domestic savings are also thought to be crucial for covering unforeseen expenses for individuals, families, and businesses. The portion of current income that is deposited in a bank account or other financial institution for possible future use rather than being used for immediate consumption is known as savings. Within the context of the economic field, savings are a crucial macroeconomic indicator that must be examined at both the individual and household levels. In an emerging market like India, the majority of people are engaged in the unorganized sector, where low and uncertain wages are considered the main features of this sector, and the result is that MPC is greater than MPS. Elevated rates of inflation and consumption also have the negative effect of reducing savings and capital formation. This paper aims to examine the socioeconomic limitations that Delhi residents experienced during the inflationary period. In order to investigate the impact of factors like family size and income, a questionnaire was created. 50 respondents were included in the sample. The respondents’ ratings were analyzed using regression analysis. The findings indicate that inadequate savings are associated with low income.

Authors:
Meenakshi Tyagi : Associate Professor, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi NCR, Ghaziabad, India.
Gagneet Kaur Bhatia : Associate Professor, Ideal Institute of Management and Technology, India.
Tanushree Sanwal : Assistant Professor, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi NCR, Ghaziabad, India.
Shrishti Singh : MBA Student, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi NCR, Ghaziabad, India.
 

Abstract
This study evaluates the effect of financial literacy and financial attitude on saving behaviour among individuals along with financial attitude. It utilizes a simple random sampling technique to gather data which was collected through a structured questionnaire. Pearson correlation and regression analysis were employed to ascertain the relationship between various factors and the saving behaviour of individuals. The results indicate that financial literacy and financial attitude both show a significant positive correlation with saving behaviour, however, financial attitude has a more predominant impact on the saving behaviour of individuals as compared to financial literacy. The results also demonstrate a significant effect of financial literacy on saving behaviour, both directly and indirectly, and confirm a decent mediation by financial attitude on the association between financial literacy and saving behaviour.

Authors:
Asi Vasudeva Reddy : VIT Business School, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, India.
Chitra Rekha Y. : Department of Science & Humanities, NBKR Institute of Science & Technology, Tirupati, AP, India.
Anu Priya P. : MBA Student, VIT Business School, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, India.
Aksa Rachel Prasad : MBA Student, VIT Business School, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, India.
 

Abstract
In the present study, the researchers try to examine the role of domestic savings towards healthcare in the district of Kamrup Metro, Assam. The study concludes that most households do not save monthly for healthcare but only occasionally. In addition, socio-demographic factors have a positive relationship with household savings for general purposes as well as for healthcare.

Authors :
Anil Kumar Yadav : Research Scholar.
Bhaskarjyoti Bora : Professor, Department of Commerce, Gauhati University.
 

Abstract
Scheme of Fund for Regeneration of Traditional Industries or SFURTI is one of the flagship schemes of the Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises for the creation of common facility centres and infrastructure development. This scheme has been integral to the achievement of various Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the past few years, including Goal 8, ‘Decent Work and Economic Growth’ and Goal 9, ‘Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure’. Many state-of-the-art machines and equipment have been set up, helping MSMEs bring innovation in their work. The objective of this study is to examine the physical and financial performance of the coir industry clusters (CICs) in India, and to estimate the technical efficiency of CICs. The methodology adopted is collection of secondary input data like the number of common facility centres created, investment by artisans using domestic savings and grants from the Government of India, and employment created, and output data like production, sales and monthly earnings of artisans after the application of the cluster development approach. The data was collected from various websites and success stories of the CICs. The study reveals an improvement in the state-wise physical and financial performance of CICs in India, and increase in production, sales and earnings per month of artisans before and after the intervention. Thus, due to the implementation of the cluster development approach, nine coir clusters are efficient and if the other 11 clusters follow the slack variables, input and output targets, and peer cluster to increase their production, sales and monthly earnings of artisans, they can become efficient. There is an average increase in production, sales and monthly earnings of artisans. Domestic savings by artisans, and investments in the cluster along with grants from the Government of India are the reason for improvement in the performance of 20 coir clusters in India. This trend will continue if the cluster development approach is continued.

Author:
E. Bhaskaran : General Manager-Grade-I / Joint Director (Engineering), Department of Industries and Commerce, Government of Tamil Nadu, Tirupattur, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

Abstract
This study aims to investigate the moderating effect of support systems on the interplay of socio-cultural, economic, and health factors influencing women’s empowerment in India. The results suggest that support systems have an important role in moderating the interlinkages between socio-cultural, economic, and health factors and women’s empowerment. Specifically, strong support systems enhance the positive effects of economic independence and health status on women’s empowerment while also mitigating the negative impact of socio-cultural barriers. The study utilized both descriptive and inferential statistics to interpret the data in all dimensions. The descriptive statistics consist of measures such as mean, SD, and other elementary statistical measure. The quantitative aspect involved structured surveys administered to a diverse sample of women across various parts of the SPSR Nellore District of Andhra Pradesh. This study contributes to the existing literature on women’s empowerment in India by focusing on the mediating role of support systems, which has received limited attention in previous research.

Authors :
M. Harita : Research Scholar, Department of Business Administration,Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India.
A. Amruth Prasad Reddy : Research Supervisor & Associate Professor, Department of Business Administration, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India.
 

Abstract
Uttar Pradesh leads in labour migration to Mumbai and the Gulf countries. The objective of this research paper is the analyses of process, determinants and consequences of labour migration from India to the Gulf countries. The methodology of the research paper consists of an empirical survey of migrant labourers from India to the Gulf countries conducted in Uttar Pradesh, Mumbai and the United Arab Emirates. The findings from the study show that there is a well-developed social network of migration within the region of migration as well as a safe zone of migration.

Author :
Mohammed Taukeer : He is a research fellow in the International Institute of Migration and Development, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.
 

Abstract
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has been evident in macroeconomic performance indicators globally. With the adoption of lockdown measures varying in duration across nations, economic activity experienced a downturn reminiscent of the Great Depression of the 1930s. At the time, Keynes’ effective demand model accentuated the importance of using expansionary fiscal and monetary policy. So, the public sector plays a significant role when an economy faces a crisis. We can easily comprehend the status and role of the public sector during the pandemic, particularly in terms of health, security and policing. A state of lockdown during the pandemic led to widespread job losses, business closures, and supply chain disruptions, which had severe economic consequences. This study highlights the potential of the effective demand theory in addressing the uncertainties brought about by the pandemic, particularly in India, while advocating for amplified government participation. In addition, the study also aligns with the Keynesian approach of robust government intervention to mitigate the repercussions of the pandemic and underscores the pivotal role of the public sector in navigating through the crisis.

Authors :
Karuna Shanker Kanaujiya : Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Economics, Faculty of Commerce, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India.
Abhishek Singh : Research Scholar (ICSSR Doctoral Fellow), Department of Applied Economics, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India.
 

Abstract
The availability, accessibility, and use of food to guarantee a healthy and active life for all Indians is a major concern. This article examines the many facets of India’s food security, including policy directions and implementation discrepancies. The article examines government programs such as the Public Distribution System (PDS), the National Food Security Act (NFSA), and integrated child development services to assess progress and obstacles. It also examines how socioeconomics, climate change, and agriculture affect food security. This study highlights gaps in current tactics and presents practical ideas to improve food security in India through a detailed literature review, policy analysis, and case studies. The findings emphasize the necessity for a multi-sectoral strategy for food insecurity and sustainable development.
 

Author:
Dr. V. Basil Hans : Professor, Srinivas University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India.
 

Abstract
The farming system strategy aims at sustainable management of resources for ensuring enhanced food security, livelihoods nutritional status of farming households, and environmental quality. This integration also serves to impart climate resilience. However, integrating these farming components is more feasible in smallholder farms compared to large farm holdings. Asia has 200 million rice farms smaller than 1 ha, accounting for 90% of world rice production. Millions of impoverished rural residents in Asia, Africa, and Latin America make their living mostly on rice-based farming systems.
Research on Farming System and Extension at Annamalai University, India, has evolved models of the integrated farming system featuring the integration of best-suited animal components for both irrigated lowland and rainfed upland farming agroecologies. Integration of fish polyculture and poultry rearing, directly in the transplanted rice fields followed by vegetables in the fallows, offers better scope for lowland rice farmers. Similarly, the integration of goat + millet or vegetable or flower crops holds good potential for upland farmers. Integrating other farm enterprises with the traditional cropping pattern in small-holder farms offer good scope for food security, enhancing livelihoods, and imparting environmental security.

Author :
R.M. Kathiresan : Vice-Chancellor, Annamalai University, Tamilnadu, India.
 

Abstract
Biostimulants are a novel, environmentally-sound innovation which assures increased crop productivity, blooming, plant growth, fruit set and nutrient usage efficiency. In recent years, they have been playing a major role—minimizing the use of chemical fertilizers and enhancing plant growth, resilience to abiotic and water stresses. These compounds are very effective at lower concentrations, encouraging the best possible performance of the essential functions of a plant and enabling high yields and products of outstanding quality. Field probes were conducted to study the role of foliar nutrition by organic biostimulants in enhancing plant growth and yield. These biostimulants are highly recommended by the Department of Agriculture. Research trial 1 was conducted at the experimental farm in the Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University to study the effect of organic foliar nutrition on crop growth and yield of green gram from February to April, 2007. The findings showed that the Panchagavya + vermiwash + faloar spray of NAA (15, 30, 45 DAS) resulted in higher plant height (43.36 cm), LAI (4.26), number of pods/plant (20.12), haulm production (2135 kg ha-1) and grain production (905.36 kg ha-1). Research trial 2 was conducted in a grower’s field in the village of Periya Muliyanur in Erode, Tamil Nadu to study the effect of foliar nutrition of organic biostimulants on the growth and yield of groundnut cv. Co 3 during October 2020-February 2021. The findings reveal that superior growth and yield. Plant height (30.74 cm), LAI (5.33), No. of pods/plant-1(22.67), kernel yield (17.16 q ha-1) and haulm weight (36.20 q ha-1) improved with the application of RDF + Humic acid @ 0.4 % on 30 and 45 DAS.

Author:
R. Raman : Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

Abstract
With the Green Revolution as the bedrock of Indian agriculture, India has increased food production and built adequate food grain stocks. Over the years, the Indian agricultural sector has undergone significant transformation owing to technological advancements, policy reforms, and shifting socio-economic dynamics. With increasing growth in population and rural-urban disparities, agricultural productivity is crucial for meeting food security challenges by influencing food availability, accessibility, utilization, and stability. The positive relationship between agricultural productivity and food insecurity is a matter of sustenance and a key determinant of economic stability and societal well-being, as it can contribute to the UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) of Zero Hunger by 2030. Without sustainable agricultural productivity growth, we will be unable to meet current and future generations’ food and nutritional requirements, conserve natural resources, and ensure the long-term viability of agriculture. Therefore, harnessing the effectiveness of productivity growth demands a comprehensive assessment of the positive and negative impacts of productivity growth, along with a systematic approach to managing trade-offs while safeguarding the social and environmental welfare of the people.

Authors:
K.M. Singh : Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics, Post Graduate College of Agriculture, Dr Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Bihar, India. 
S. Sangeeta Kumari : PhD Student, Department of Agricultural Economics, Post Graduate College of Agriculture, Dr Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Bihar, India. 
Nasim Ahmad : Senior Technical Officer, Department of Agricultural Economics, Post Graduate College of Agriculture, Dr Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Bihar, India.
 

Abstract
The objective of this study is to examine the rice mill cluster at Alangulam in the state of Tamil Nadu in terms of its physical and financial performance using business analytics. Primary and secondary data was collected from enterprises, central  and state government websites. The data was analysed using structural equation modelling and data envelopment analysis, along with business analytics techniques like descriptive analysis, diagnostic analysis, correlation analysis, regression analysis, inferential analysis predictive analysis, prescriptive analysis and decision analysis. The physical and financial performance of the rice mill cluster shows an increasing trend, indicating appropriate food security. Input variables like employment, wages and machinery were effectively used over the years for output variables like production, total revenue and earnings before income tax, and depreciation through the common facility centre provided by the Governments of India and Tamil Nadu. The correlation analysis also reveals high degree of relationship among variables. Predictive or trend analysis reveals that there is an increasing trend in input and output variables. The regression analysis and structural equation modelling also show positive trends. Finally, some enterprises were found to be inefficient; it is recommended that they become efficient by following the efficient enterprises in the cluster. The common facility centre is utilized by rice mill enterprises in full and saves service charges when compared to the  open market. To conclude, food security is maintained in the rice mill cluster at Alangulam by way of the cluster development approach where their enterprise cost is minimized and profit is maximized and thus, productivity increases.

Author :
E. Bhaskaran : General Manager / Joint Director (Engineering), Department of Industries and Commerce, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai.
 

Abstract
Despite the growing income and GDP of nations, the world is experiencing huge challenges to human security and existence. With the increasing waves of globalization, several countries have shown remarkable economic growth. However, large swathes of their populations are faced with increased hunger, poverty, and growing inequalities. The threats of hunger and food insecurity have been on the rise and intensified by the pandemic, wars, conflict, and climate change, to highlight a few causes. It is in this light that the urgency of addressing food insecurity in India has emerged since the late 1990s. The Right to Food has gained heightened political and ideological significance. The problem of food insecurity is particularly acute in rural India, where more than seventy percent of the population still lives and draws its sustenance. In recent years agriculture has been badly affected and its contribution to the GDP has gone down. Although agriculture and allied activities employ nearly 60% of the population, their contribution to India’s GDP is less than 20%. As the world faces challenges due to climate change and food insecurity, millet has proven its adaptivity to adverse agro-climates. It is in this context that the present paper explores strengthening food security in Odisha and ending hunger through sustainable agricultural practices. The Odisha Millet Mission is an attempt by the Government in Odisha to remove food insecurity while enhancing the capabilities of rural households, particularly women.

Author:
Dr. Seema Mallik : Department of Political Science, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar.
 

Abstract
The right to food is a fundamental human right implicitly protected under Article 21 of the Constitution of India. It is essential for promoting nutrition, health, human dignity, poverty alleviation, food security, empowerment, social justice, and environmental sustainability. Ensuring food security through the realization of the right to food is crucial for promoting stability, reducing vulnerability to food shortages, and building resilience against food crises.
Due to its geographical peculiarity, Arunachal Pradesh has the lowest net sown area in the northeastern states of India of only 2.1%. The state suffers from food insecurity due to various factors like limited agricultural land and dependency on imports and traditional farming practices, so 50% of the population is completely dependent on government subsidies and schemes. To ensure food security and to achieve Millennium Goal SDG-1, India has covered 75% of the rural and 50% of the urban population under the National Food Security Act, 2013 through various mechanisms like the Public Distribution System (PDS), Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS), Mid-Day Meal Scheme (MDMS), Integrated Child Development Services and Mission Poshan Abhiyan, among others. In this paper, the authors attempt to identify the need of food security in Arunachal Pradesh and its problems, with the help of various government records and data. It also analyzes the concept, cases of food insecurity and overall food grain production in the state, and also analyzes the right to food as a constitutional right with the help of various decided cases.

Authors :
Samir Bhadury : Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Rajiv Gandhi University, Arunachal Pradesh, India. 
Khyoda Yaluk : Research Scholar, Department of Law, Rajiv Gandhi University, Arunachal Pradesh, India.
 

Abstract
This study examines the influence of food security status on the mental health and remind cognitive abilities of adolescents and subgroups of younger (10-14 years) and older (15-19 years) adolescents in two Indian villages in Bihar (India) under the capability framework during COVID-19. Younger and older adolescents participated 100 each from food-insecure and food-secure families were randomly selected from 302 and 198 households respectively. Mental health was assessed on anxiety and depression, and cognitive abilities on planning and information integration. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA. On mental health, food-insecure adolescents were found to be more anxious and depressed than food-secure adolescents, and younger adolescents were more anxious and depressed than older adolescents. On cognitive abilities, food-secure adolescents completed the design configuration and auditory sequence faster than food-insecure adolescents. Older adolescents performed better than younger adolescents on design configuration. Thus, food security decreases adolescents’ anxiety and depression along with improving their performance in information integration. 

Authors :
Amit Kumar : Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal and IIM Ahmedabad, Gujrat, India. 
Damodar Suar : Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal and KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India. 
Bimal Kishore Sahoo : Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, India.
 

Abstract
The economic wealth of a nation is closely tied to efficient methods of transportation. The rapid increase in the number of vehicles on the road has become a major factor of concern, because of problems such as high maintenance costs, high levels of congestion, rise in road accidents, air pollution and many others. Various Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) systems were introduced as a means of raising funds for road maintenance and reduction in travel time because of the elimination of waiting at the toll highways. Some other expected outcomes include minimization of unproductive fuel consumption, air pollution, unnecessary road congestion, and increase in road safety. This paper explores the architecture of an integrated and interoperable GNSS-based electronic toll collection system as a novel approach to road pricing, which utilizes virtual toll booths installed in on-board units (OBU) of vehicles traveling the tolled road network to monitor the entry and exit of vehicles from tolled sections/zones along with debit transactions for toll, supported with an enforcement system. This GNSS-based tolling system communicates with GNSS-enabled vehicles, eliminating the need for physical toll booths.

Authors :
Brajnandan Kumar : ICT/ITS consultant.
Akhilesh Srivastav : ITS consultant.
Rasjesh Krisnan : Member of G7- its committee of IRC, ITS expert.
P. K. Sarkar : Former professor at SPA, New Delhi, ITS expert.
 

Abstract
In the old days, productivity was the way of measuring the value of economic activities of man by comparing the value of the combination of his inputs (factors) and output (Revenue). He understood that every factor has different/alternative uses and by varying the combination, he could increase his profits. He realised that time is money, and if time is saved from one activity and used in another, it would raise the revenue. Therefore, the way to increase profit was to reduce the cost of inputs and keep the same input cost or increase the profit by using stimulants of growth inter alia, use of better seed, fertilizer, machinery, the incentive to labour, new techniques, and processes, new skills learned by education and knowledge, and better logistics, with the sole objective of increasing output in minimum time by application of PERT / CPM, and Sigma Six techniques. 
Now, the consideration of starting new economic activity and improving productivity in that pursuit has shifted from maximum profit to a fair amount of profit, but with mental satisfaction, creating opportunities for employment, using all the government incentives, using the latest technologies and know-how, using various productivity software available, but always observing government policies and regulations, protecting self from risks and adverse impact of obstacles, emerging from the delay in the approval of projects, and nature’s calamities, and market upheavals. The usefulness of the concept of productivity must survive as passion in the mind of every individual, who must aim at increasing profits and gains, because if every individual at the micro level grows, then, the nation at the macro level will also grow multiple times.

Author :
P. N. Kumar : M A (English, Economics), FCS, LLB, Member ICA, ILI, FACT Gurgaon, India.
 

Abstract
Balancing emissions and economic growth is central to India’s energy and climate policy. Energy productivity is a useful frame for energy policy planning. The present study investigates the factors driving it, particularly efficiency. The study also analyzes green energy productivity and its determinants. Using LMDI I decomposition, the study reveals that energy efficiency has been a major driver of energy consumption and intensity improvements from 2013 to 2023, with shifts in economic activity having minimal impact. However, the trends in energy productivity and green energy productivity differ, emphasizing the complexity of sustainable energy development.

Authors :
Mousami Prasad, Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, IIT Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Poulomi Bhattacharya, Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Department of Management Sciences, IIT Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.
 

Abstract
Green productivity transforms economic growth and environmental sustainability, making it crucial for less developed countries (LDCs). This article discusses green productivity in these locations, where resource limits, fast urbanization, and fragile ecosystems typically hinder development. LDCs can boost industrial productivity and reduce environmental damage by adopting eco-friendly technologies, sustainable practices, and capacity-building. Case examples demonstrate how innovation, public-private partnerships, and international cooperation promote sustainable development through green productivity initiatives. Policy support, financial mechanisms, and community engagement are needed to balance expansion with environmental stewardship. This report concludes that green productivity is an ecological necessity and a path to developing nations’ egalitarian and resilient economic growth.

Author :
V. Basil Hans, Research Professor, Srinivas University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India.
 

Abstract
The increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, dubbed “green swans,” necessitates a closer examination of their impact on financial systems and, specifically, investor behavior. This study investigates investor perceptions and knowledge of green swans, analysing their influence on investment decisions and preferences. Through a survey of 168 respondents, the study uncovers diverse knowledge levels concerning green swans and potential multicollinearity among survey statements, indicating the need for further research on investor responses to climate risks.The findings highlight a positive correlation between knowledge of green swans and consideration of climate change in investment decisions, suggesting that educational initiatives can play a pivotal role in equipping investors with the tools necessary to navigate green swan uncertainties. The study also underscores the significance of collaborative efforts from researchers, educators, and policymakers to build financial resilience in the face of green swan events.

Authors :
J. Sneha Jayalakshmi, PhD Research Scholar, Department of Commerce, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
Dr. M. Sumathy, Professor and Head, Department of Commerce, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
Dr. G. Anitha Rathna, Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, (E-commerce), PSG College of Arts and Science Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

Abstract
This study intends to integrate environmental engineering, construction management, and sustainability principles to enhance infrastructure projects’ green productivity (GP). This research applies a qualitative exploratory design to target key areas such as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction, water conservation, waste management, adoption of digital technologies, equipmen upgrades with advanced hydraulic systems, and hybrid engines coupled with grid electricity and portable solar arrays to leverage the principles of the circular economy. Infrastructure projects can achieve significant environmental and economic benefits by embedding such GP measures in design, operations, and policy frameworks to sustainable development goals.

Authors :
Thiruvenghadam T. S., Research Scholar, School of Project Management, NICMAR University, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
Anand Prakash, Ph.D., Associate Professor, School of Project Management,NICMAR University, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
 

Abstract
This study explores the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Robotics in promoting green production within an automotive component manufacturing cluster in Chennai. The objective of the study is to utilize these technologies to enhance both production efficiency and environmental sustainability. By integrating AI and Robotics, the cluster aims to optimize production processes, reduce energy consumption, minimize waste, and lower carbon emissions, while improving overall operational performance and reducing costs. The research methodology examines the impact of automation, predictive maintenance, energy-efficient production techniques, and waste reduction driven by AI systems using input, process, and output variables. Additionally, it highlights the importance of workforce training and the adoption of sustainable technologies to align with eco-friendly production goals. Findings indicate that the implementation of AI and Robotics can significantly improve resource efficiency, cut costs, and boost environmental performance, contributing to the shift toward greener manufacturing practices. To conclude, the study provides valuable insights into how automotive component manufacturers in Chennai can adopt these technologies to foster innovation, enhance competitiveness, and meet sustainability requirements, ensuring long-term success in a rapidly evolving industry.

Authors :
E. Bhaskaran, Post Doctoral Research Scholar, Manipur International University, Manipur, and General Manager / Joint Director (Engineering), Department of Industries and Commerce, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai, India.
 

Abstract
This research paper overviews various innovative startups and companies across India and Singapore focusing on sustainability, clean technology, and advanced energy solutions. It highlights key players in fields such as building automation, battery recycling,air filtration, water management, biofuels, and renewable energy. Notable companies include 75F — specializing in energy-efficient building solutions; Ace Green Recycling — offering advanced battery recycling technologies; and AirOk — known for its high-efficiency air filters. Other prominent firms include altM - which develops sustainable materials from agricultural residues; CleanMax Enviro Energy Solution — focusing on rooftop solar and wind projects; and Ecoze — which leverages solar technology for agricultural and cold chain applications. The startups have collectively secured significant investments to advance their technologies and expand their operations, with funding from notable investors like Siemens AG, Blue Ashva Capital, and the Danish Investment Fund for Developing Countries. Each company is contributing uniquely to addressing global environmental challenges and advancing the transition towards a more sustainable future.

Authors :
Swati Anavatti, Assistant Professor, St. Francis Institute of Management and Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
Deepa Prajapati, Assistant Professor, St. Francis Institute of Management and Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
 

Abstract
This paper deals with the livelihood conditions of workers engaged in the unorganized segment of the urban economy, taking as the unit of study individuals engaged in several types of work, while also considering members of the same household engaged in different types of work. We talk about the livelihood conditions of the household since individual conditions are the outcome of work performed by many hands of the household. We suggest provision of public utilities like potable water supply, all-season motorable roads, and first aid, among others. The responsibility is for the local administration to shoulder.

Author :
Bhaskar Majumder, Professor of Economics (Retired) G.B.Pant Social Science Institute Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.
 

Abstract
This research suggests a simple parameter for monitoring a manufacturing plant’s performance to be used in the pharmaceutical, ceramic, powder metallurgical and other industries that use powder as the raw material and make solid components such as tablets as the product. It is the fraction or percentage of super blends among all the powder blends used in a year. A super powder blend is one that gives a product yield of above 90%. Yield is defined as the weight of quality cleared solid product as a percentage of th weight of the starting powder. The advantage of plots of proportion of super blends over normal yield plots is that the trend of quality performance stands amplified. This enables early detection and corrective actions by employees, management, and other stake holders. Eight case studies from the author’s own experience in nuclear fuel manufacturing are presented to illustrate the scope of the parameter.

Author :
Palanki Balakrishna, Manufacturing Engineer (Retired), Nuclear Fuel Complex, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
 

Abstract
Today, manufacturing companies are facing intense competition, with each striving to boost productivity and profitability by adopting effective practices within their operations. This article explores the best practices in manufacturing organizations that drive productivity improvements and highlights the emerging trends in these strategies. This research is based on a case study of a successful manufacturing company in India. A case study approach was employed to examine how lean practices have impacted the company’s productivity. One key finding from this study is that the company has significantly enhanced productivity by implementing lean practices.

Authors :
Lokpriya Gaikwad, Assistant Professor, SIES Graduate School of Technology, Navi Mumbai, India.
Vinod Surange, Assistant Professor, Symbiosis Institute of Business Management, Nagpur Campus, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, India.
Kaustubh Chavan, Assistant Professor, SIES Graduate School of Technology, Navi Mumbai, India.
Ajay Hundiwale, Assistant Professor, SIES Graduate School of Technology, Navi Mumbai, India.
 

Abstract
The social network is an important mechanism of migration that leads to the process of migration from India to the Gulf countries. In light of these consequences, the present paper explores the process, determinants, and consequences of the social network system in labour migration from Uttar Pradesh to the Gulf countries.The methodology of the paper comprises of an empirical survey through a mixed method approach involving a field survey in selected study areas of Uttar Pradesh between November 2017 and March 2018. Apart from this, supplementary fieldwork was conducted in both rural and urban areas of Prayagraj district in Uttar Pradesh between October 2023 and November 2023 for better justification of the objective in the current phenomena. Qualitative data was analysed by case studies, narratives and descriptions and quantitative data was analysed by statistical tools such as Chisquare. Consequence of social network system of migration works as pull factor in the function of migration from Uttar Pradesh to the Gulf countries. This study also encourages students, policymakers, and academicians to further develop policy-oriented research.

Author :
Mohammed Taukeer, Research Scholar, The International Institute of Migration and Development, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.
 

Abstract
The goal of the current study is to examine various obstacles that stand in the way of financial inclusion in India. The study uses primary data gathered through a structured questionnaire from 300 households in the National Capital Region of India. Firstly, factor analysis was used to find out the various factors explaining financial inclusion. Non-parametric tests were also used to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between the various groups. According to the findings, the majority of respondents own bank accounts with well-known financial institutions. The survey also discovered that there is a considerable disparity between rural and urban areas in terms of financial literacy, with urban areas performing far better than rural areas. However, the active usage of financial services by respondents remains low.

Author :
Anurag Bhadur Singh : Assistant Professor (SG), XIM University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
 

Abstract
The Government of India and the concerned state governments are implementing plenty of programmes and schemes for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) on entrepreneurship. Out of the 17 SDGs, goal 8 relates to Decent Work and Economic Growth including Financial Inclusion and goal 9 relates to Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure. The objective of this paper is to study the business analytics of financial inclusion in industrial clusters in Tamil Nadu and their relevance to sustainable development goals. Several analyses such as diagnostic analysis, descriptive analysis, inferential analysis, predictive analysis, prescriptive analysis, and decision analytics were performed. The methodology adopted by the researcher is to develop a model by collecting primary data, such as, input variables like grants from the Government of India, grants from the state government of Tamil Nadu, special purpose vehicle (SPV) / entrepreneur contribution, and bank loans and output variables like project cost, from various departments and corporations of the Government of Tamil Nadu and secondary data from other government websites. The data was analyzed through percentage analysis, descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, regression analysis, and structural equation modelling. Financial inclusion in industrial clusters is the need of the hour, which is already underway, in the form of grants from the Government of India and Tamil Nadu, Cluster Development Programmes, SPV contribution and bank loans to improve productivity and reduce costs, and common facility centres in clusters.

Author :
E. Bhaskaran : Joint Director (Engineering)/General Manager, DIC Department of Industries and Commerce, Government of Tamil Nadu, Guindy, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

Abstract
Academicians and policymakers alike are becoming increasingly curious about the scope and significance of financial inclusion because of its ramifications for growth, poverty eradication, equality and the sustainable development goals. The present study is an attempt to know about the status and disparities in financial inclusion at the state and regional levels in India post-COVID in the year 2022. On the basis of the index of financial inclusion at the state level, the union territory of Chandigarh stood first, Goa second and Delhi third, with high levels of financial inclusion. On the other hand, Nagaland, Bihar and U.P. stood last with the 34th, 35th and 36th positions. Andhra Pradesh with an IFI of 0.220 and Mizoram with IFI of 0.206 stood in the middle in the 18th and 19th positions. Twenty eight states are low financial inclusion states which implies that India has miles to go to achieve the goal of financial inclusion.

Authors :
Archna Chaudhry : Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India.
 

Abstract
This paper examines the association between financial inclusion and economic growth in the context of the Indian economy. The Auto Regressive Distributive Lag (ARDL), Error Correction Mechanism (ECM), and impulse response function have been used for establishing the association between the two. Using panel data regression over the time period 2001 to 2019, the paper shows that there exists a positive, bidirectional association between financial inclusion and economic growth in the long run. However, there is a unidirectional relationship in the short run, i.e., only economic growth is the precondition for financial inclusion. Therefore, in the long run, economic growth helps to remove demand and supply side obstacles while financial inclusion reduces poverty and inequality, and hence promotes inclusive growth.

Authors :
Gourab Panja : Research Scholar, Department of Economics, Burdwan University, West Bengal, India.
Pravat Kumar Kuri : Professor, Department of Economics, Burdwan University, West Bengal, India.
 

Abstract
Financial inclusion helps emerging countries achieve inclusive development, and offers countries like India hope for sustained growth. Inclusive finance offers low-income and disadvantaged people access to inexpensive financial services. It helps in bridging the gap between financially weak individuals and the formal financial system by improving financial literacy and increasing the channels providing credit facilities. Marginalized groups need financial freedom to flourish economically and socially. Financial inclusion catalyzes economic and social progress, but it is not enough. The effect of the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) on financial inclusion and India’s position in the global economy has been investigated in this article. The research is based on data obtained from sources such as the Reserve Bank of India, the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development, as well as various academic papers.

Authors :
Anupama Sharma : Assistant Professor, Maharaja Surajmal Institute, New Delhi, India.
Sumita Kukreja : Assistant Professor, Maharaja Surajmal Institute, New Delhi, India.
 

Abstract
The strength of the economy of a country is closely connected to the soundness and effectiveness of its financial system, in general, and the banking system, in particular. In the Indian scenario, the banking sector plays a great role in the inclusion of groups of people in the formal banking system. Financial inclusion is focused on providing financial services to all sections of the society at a reasonable cost. The traditional measures of financial inclusion are focused on the supply dimension of financial services, but not the demand perspective. After the implementation of financial inclusion drives like the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY), the demand side of financial inclusion gains new importance. This article attempts to recognize some of the demand-based parameters of the financial services after implementation of the PMJDY. The study is based on a primary survey conducted in some selected villages from the Bankura district of West Bengal, where the banking network is not adequate. Besides, the study also evaluates the effects of some socioeconomic factors of the demand of financial services. The empirical evidences show that the asset composition of the household and the income level of the family are effective in determining the demand for financial services.

Author :
Avisek Sen : Assistant Professor of Commerce, Kabi Jagadram Roy Government General Degree College, Mejia, Bankura, West Bengal, India.
 

Abstract
This paper examines the effect of information and communication technology (ICT) adoption on the factor productivity of the Indian manufacturing firms during 2010-19. The study focuses on the selfselection and endogenous effects of ICT adoption on capital-labour productivity and discusses strategies to capture untapped growth opportunities. We find that ICT adopters have greater stakes for survival and growth, have a larger proportion of tangible assets, and are intensively engaged in exporting and outreach. In addition, ICT adoption leads to a 155 percent growth in capital productivity and a 62 percent fall in labour productivity – leading to a net growth of 80 percent in the capital-labour productivity ratio.

Authors :
Vikash Gautam : Koan Advisory Group, New Delhi, India.
Niharika : Koan Advisory Group, New Delhi, India.
 

Abstract
The purpose of the study is to assess the level of student satisfaction with the online mode of teaching/learning, with respect to the independent variables e-learning, course structure, interaction between students and with the faculty, and motivation for attending online classes. A questionnaire was developed along these five dimensions using a 5-point Likert rating scale and distributed to 234 management students. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), reliability testing, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), validity checks and structural equation modeling (SEM) were used to analyse the data collected. The results reveal that there is a significant impact of the aforementioned independent variables on student satisfaction, out of which, interaction between students and with the faculty has a high impact on student satisfaction.

Authors :
Ch. Kiranmayi : Asst. Professor, Dept. of Management Studies, TJPS College, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India.
T. Sreenivas : Professor & Dean, Dept. of Business Management, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Mabunni Shaik : Associate Professor, Department of Management Sciences, RVR & JC College of Engineering, Chowdavaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India.
 

Abstract
Mumbai is the heartland for migrant labourers from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar because the city provides them livelihood. The present paper explores the living and working conditions of semi-skilled and unskilled migrant labourers. The methodology of the paper consists of collection of primary data using a mixed method approach in the form of a field visit to Mumbai in February 2019. Qualitative data in the form of narratives, case studies and descriptions was analysed, while quantitative data was analysed using simple statistics and ANOVA. The findings from the study show that these migrant labourers face challenges of socio-economic and political identity in Mumbai but have developed their own cultural landscape to adjust to life in Mumbai. The quantitative findings show that there are variations in the patterns of income, remittances and expenditure of migrant labourers according to their occupation in Mumbai. Therefore, the findings of the study provide a better understanding of the living and working conditions of migrant labourers as well as encourage academicians, policymakers, and researchers for further research in this area.

Author :
Mohammed Taukeer : Research Fellow, International Institute of Migration and Development, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.
 

Abstract
Odisha is blessed with an abundance of natural resources, including minerals, forests, marine life, and water. Odisha is one of India’s top producers of valuable minerals such as chromites, nickel ore, coal, bauxite, iron ore, and manganese. In addition to providing habitat and a means of subsistence for the state’s expanding tribal population, around 30 percent of its land is covered with forests, which also serve as the catchment areas of key rivers, home to rich mineral deposits and biodiversity hotspots. This article aims to analyse the current status of several extractive industries as well as their potential for the future. A significant portion of the study is based on secondary data. Simple percentage shares and yearly average growth rate have been used to analyse data and strengthen the argument. The results from the paper demonstrate that mining production and value have grown over time. However, the average yearly growth rate has been declining. The Gross State Value Added (GSVA) of the mining sector in Odisha has hardly increased and still lags behind the manufacturing sub-sector. Furthermore, the state’s exchequer has profited significantly from the mining sector’s performance (in terms of output, value, and income) and from its broad use of mining activities. However, employment statistics indicate that the locals in the mining region have not seen a significant increase in wealth.

Authors :
Baijayanti Rout : Ph.D Scholar, Centre for Studies in Economics and Planning, School of Social Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
Prof. Jaya Prakash Pradhan : Dean, Centre for Studies in Economics and Planning, School of Social Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
 

Abstract
E-commerce or electronic commerce is the buying and selling of goods or services on the internet. It encompasses a wide variety of data, systems and tools for online buyers and sellers, including mobile shopping and online payment encryption. Most businesses with an online presence use an online store and platform to conduct e-commerce marketing and sales activities and to oversee logistics and fulfillment. Global retail e-commerce sales are expected to surpass US$5 trillion for the first time, accounting for more than a fifth of overall retail sales, and by 2025, total spending will exceed US$7 trillion, despite slowing growth. E-commerce also known as e-business or electronic business, is simply the sale and purchase of services and goods over an electronic medium, like the Internet. It also involves electronically transferring data and funds between two or more parties. E-commerce started way back in the 1960s when organizations began to use electronic data interchange. Today, e-commerce has become an integral part of everyday life. Accessibility to an e-commerce platform is not a privilege but rather a necessity for people, particularly those from urban areas. Due to the fast adoption of internet-enabled devices like smartphones and tablets, there has been an unparalleled growth in e-commerce. The growth of e-commerce volumes in India is attracting the attention of players around the globe. The present study is descriptive in nature and is based on secondary data. The study found that e-commerce sites run quickly, determined by computer and bandwidth considerations on both consumer device and e-commerce site. The study also found that an e-commerce transaction can comprise of a few clicks and take less than few minutes.

Author :
Rajeshwari M. Shettar : Principal, Associate Professor, Department of Commerce, Shri. Hurakadli Ajja Shikshan Samiti’s Smt. K. S. Jigalur Arts and Dr. (Smt.) S. M. Sheshgiri Commerce College for Women, Dharwad, Karnataka, India.
 

Abstract
Productivity and production go hand in hand in the sustainability and management of any business enterprise. Due to the ever changing situations in this age of volatility, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity (VUCA), productivity plays a crucial role in the success of a business, whether it is a service or a manufacturing or even an ancillary unit. Technological advancements have thrown both challenges and opportunities to enhance productivity. Ecommerce is one such significant contributing factor to productivity. This paper throws light upon the role of e-commerce in productivity, and enumerates the issues and challenges associated with the effective and efficient use of e-commerce for productivity.

Author :
Chandra Sekhar Pattnaik : Professor, Omega P G College-MBA, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India.
 

Abstract
There are many opportunities for e-commerce to develop in India thanks to the country’s large youth population, rising standard of living, changing lifestyle, rapid expansion in information and communication technology, availability of broadband, 4G technologies, etc. Customers can electronically exchange goods and services with no time or distance restrictions thanks to ecommerce. Over the past five years, electronic commerce has grown rapidly, and experts expect that it will continue to grow at this rate or perhaps faster. However, there is a lack of an e-commerce legal framework, inconsistent economic climate, inadequate transportation and telecommunications infrastructure, and varying social and educational attitudes towards e-commerce, etc. The distinction between “traditional” and “electronic” commerce will become increasingly hazy in the near future as more companies migrate portions of their activities online. Due to the internet’s extreme saturation and the difficulty of using technological gadgets, the ecommerce industry in India is expanding at an exceptional rate. However, India’s recent e-commerce growth rate has lagged much below that of other wealthy nations. E-commerce rewards include ease, time savings, options, and flexibility, simple to compare, simple to find reviews, coupons and discounts, a growing consumer base, increased sales, open 24/7/365, and company development.

Author :
Jagdish H. Gojiya : Assistant professor, Saurashtra Gnanpith arts and Commerce College – Bravala Junagdh, Gujarat, India
 

Abstract
The Goods and Services Tax (GST) was introduced to simplify the tax system by eliminating the cascading effect of multiple taxes, leading to uniform tax rates across states and the creation of a unified market for goods and services. This research aims to investigate how the implementation of GST has impacted the productivity of India’s retail industry. By replacing various indirect taxes, GST streamlined the tax structure and aimed to promote ease of doing business, reduce compliance burdens, and potentially boost productivity in the retail sector. The study examines different aspects, including tax structure, supply chain efficiency, tax evasion, small and medium enterprises (SMEs), tax compliance, and consumer prices, to assess the overall effect of GST on the productivity of the retail business.

Authors :
Goutam Tanty : Associate Professor, Faculty of Commerce & Management, Sarala Birla University, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India.
Sandeep Kumar : Dean, Faculty of Commerce & Management, Sarala Birla University, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India.
 

Abstract
The Ministry of MSME administers the Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (MSME) Mart, while the Ministry of Commerce and Industry administers the Government E-Market (GeM). A study was conducted to understand the performance of industrial clusters in India on these portals with the objective of studying the physical and financial performance of MSME Mart and GeM for MSMEs. The methodology of this study consists of the collection of secondary data from the MSME Mart website using input variables like No. of MSMEs, Micro (Mn), Small (Sn), Medium (Dn), Total Uydam Registration (Ut), No. of MSME Clusters in India (Cn), No. of Working Enterprises in India (Un), Employment in India (En), Original Value of P & M in India (INR crores; Pc), Market Value of Fixed Assets in India (INR crores; Mc), Award of Contract in India (Ac) and output variables like Gross Output in India (INR crores; Gc), which were analysed using descriptive analysis. It was found that there is an increase in the CAGR. The Award of Contract given to MSMEs should be increased as Karnataka and West Bengal are performing well in MSME Mart. The input variables collected from GeM like No. of Orders Placed (Op), No. of Unique Products Sold (Up), No. of Total Products Sold (Ps), No. of Organizations Registered (Cumulative) on GeM (Gn), No. of Sellers/Service Providers (Cumulative; Sn), Order Value (INR crores) by State/UT’s (Os), Order Value (INR crores) by Central Organizations (Co.) and No. of MSE Sellers (Cumulative; Mn) and output variables like Order Value (INR crores; Ove) were analysed using descriptive analysis; it was found that the CAGR is increasing. A correlation analysis was conducted; the findings reveal a strong relationship between the input and output variables. The trend and regression analyses reveal increases in output and input variables. The Government of India and the concerned state governments implement the MSME Mart and GeM for MSME clusters in India to reduce the costs of production and marketing and increase profits, which allows MSMEs to compete in the domestic and international markets through ecommerce.

Author :
E. Bhaskaran : Joint Director (Engineering)/General Manager, DIC, Department of Industries and Commerce, Government of Tamil Nadu, Guindy, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected consumer behaviour and accelerated the adoption of online food purchasing. Understanding the factors influencing online food purchase decisions of urban consumers in the post-pandemic era is crucial for businesses to adapt to the changing landscape and meet evolving consumer demands. In this regard, the study aims to provide insights into the attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control that influence consumers’ intentions to engage in online food purchasing. The findings reveal that these constructs significantly predict intentions to engage in online food purchase; in addition, gender differences were not found to be significant.

Authors :
Kavita Indrapurkar : Professor & Joint Administrator, Amity School of Economics, Amity University, Noida, India.
Namita Kapoor : Associate Professor, Amity School of Economics, Amity University, Noida, India.
Nandini Chaudhary : Student, Amity School of Economics, Amity University, Noida, India.
 

Abstract
This paper aims to discover the effects of e-commerce on the younger generations. The Indian e-commerce market is expanding at a fast rate and is expected to experience accelerated expansion in the coming years. Between 2019 and 2022, the e-commerce business experienced extraordinary growth, with its total revenues increasing by more than 60 times. In India, approximately 180 million internet users, or about 80 million households, are “ready” for e-commerce, but fewer than 10 million of these individuals make online purchases. One of the most significant benefits of e-commerce for a developing country like India is its capacity to support its young population. As Indian e-commerce nurtures, the most consistent returns for investors will come from enterprises with high margins. E-commerce, which consists of marketing and other commercial processes conducted over computer-mediated networks, is influencing the operations of businesses in a variety of industries. It causes some job responsibilities to be mechanized and others to be replaced by self-service operations, thereby increasing production per worker and decreasing the demand for some occupations. The introduction and use of new technologies have posed significant challenges for commercial employees around the globe. E-commerce has also boosted employment in the disciplines that develop the systems and software required for it, as well as those that deal with websites and networks. This is beneficial for young people, particularly those with an interest in engineering and technology. Recent college graduates favour the e-commerce industry and plan to invest in it to launch their own profitable businesses. The present paper looks into the influence of e-commerce, especially the effect of GeM, the government e-marketplace on the generation of youth more commonly known as Generation Z or simply, Gen Z.

Authors :
Tanushree Sanwal : Assistant Professor, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, India.
Ankita Sharma : Assistant Professor, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, India.
Jyoti Pandey : Student, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, India.
Kanishka Mittal : Student, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, India.
 

Abstract
Online buying has risen to prominence among modern college students because of the booming worldwide e-commerce sector. An empirical study was conducted among management students of various b-schools in Maharashtra to understand their shopping habits on online portals. The intention was to identify the factors that drive students purchase decisions. This paper also analyzes the impact of gender on purchase types. It was observed that gender has no impact on purchase decisions of students. The findings demonstrate that enjoyment, perceived risk, and social influence have a considerable impact on students online shopping habits. Indian online business owners may find these results to be a useful source of information for their marketing plans.

Author :
Bhagyashree Deshpande : Assistant Professor (Management Department), Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
 

Abstract
People are considered poor if their levels of income and consumption fall below a given minimum level necessary to fulfill their basic needs. Poverty reduction aims at improving the quality of life through various government schemes launched from time to time. The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 or MNREGA is one such scheme that provides hundred days of guaranteed employment to each household in a financial year. The present paper is an endeavour to study the impact of the scheme on poverty reduction in the Sirmour and Solan districts of the states of Himachal Pradesh. For this study, 400 below poverty line (BPL) MNREGA beneficiaries were selected and data collected with the help of a questionnaire on aspects like food availability, earnings, expenditure patterns, risk management, and savings, among others. Their level of living has improved significantly, and the scheme has been proven to be an important source for their income and survival. The study also revealed that after MNREGA employment, the poor were able to procure food grains from fair price shops and grain shops. The findings also show that expenditure on the education of children, medical facilities, insurance, entertainment, social occasions, etc. has increased in poor households after the implementation of MNREGA.

Authors :
Balbir Singh : Assistant Professor, Department of Management Studies, Sardar Patel University, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
S L Kaushal : Ex Director & Dean, Faculty of Commerce, Management & Tourism, Professor, Himachal Pradesh University Business School, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
 

Abstract
In a country like India, one of the primary sources of emissions is thermal power plants. A draft regulation has been proposed by the Ministry of Environment and Forests for emission standards in coalfired power plants. This consists of notable reductions in particulate matter (PM), sulphur-dioxide (SO2 ), and oxides of nitrogen (NOX). The main thrust of this work is the determination of the optimum mix of pollution abatement methods used in a thermal power station near Vijayawada in the state of Andhra Pradesh by using the big – M simplex method of linear programming. The plant has 7 units working under 4 stages with a power capacity of 1,760 MW and generating 42 million kWh electrical energy per day. This case study is focused on the 6th and 7th power generating units of the plant. The abatement methods aimed at SO2, NOX and PM removal consist of taller smoke chimneys; filters such as desulphurisation plant, nitrogen oxides removal plants, and electrostatic precipitators; and better coal. Among these pollution abatement methods, electrostatic precipitators and taller chimneys are already in use at the plant. With the advent of new emission legislations, it is the need of the hour to understand different possibilities for the reduction of SO2 and NOX levels by 90% or more. So, in this study, a combination of desulphurisation, nitrogen oxide removal and better coal methods were added and the optimum mix of the fractional capacities of all these abatement methods were obtained by formulating a linear programming problem and solving it. This study helps in optimizing the maintenance costs of the SO2, NOX and PM removal equipment used in the plant. Also, the optimum solution suggests that a combined fractional use of all the pollution abatement methods helps in reducing the different air pollutants released from the plant, i.e., the emission rate of pollutants can be reduced to the required levels.

Authors :
V. Durga Prasada Rao : Dept. of Mechanical Engg., S.R.K.R Engineering College, Bhimavaram, India.
N. Siva Rami Reddy : Dept. of Mech. Engg., Annamacharya Institute of Tech. and Sciences, Rajampet, India.
N. Harsha : Dept. of Mechanical Engg., S.R.K.R Engineering College, Bhimavaram, India.
 

Abstract
Stress is a normal phenomenon in everyone’s life. Optimal performance in any task requires minimal stress, while overstress adversely impacts performance. Technological advancements, overpopulation, urbanisation and modernisation constitute additional burden leading to stress. Nevertheless, the effect of stress varies from individual to individual. People experience stress at different points of time for different reasons. The broad objective of this article is to provide an overview of stress, its major causes and its impact. At the end, the article discusses possible remedial measures.

Authors :
Shayana Deb : Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
Sibnath Deb : Department of Applied Psychology, Pondicherry University (A Central University), Puducherry, India.
Anjali Gireesan : DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India.
 

Abstract
The present work endeavours to delve into the relationship between life satisfaction, coping behaviour for stress, and innovative work behaviour. To do so, the current work utilizes a q-rung orthopair fuzzy (q-ROF) based group decision making framework. The paper uses the framework to measure three aspects, life satisfaction (LS), stress coping (SC) and work behaviour (WB) from the past studies. A questionnaire with a five-point Likert scale was administered to the target respondents. For each respondent, the responses received from each respondent were aggregated using the q-ROF Einstein weighted average (q-ROFEWA) as the aggregation operator (AO). The relationships were then examined using the Mann Whitney U test. It was observed that LS has a positive relationship with SC, which also maintains a positive linkage with WB. The present paper provides useful insights for talent management by providing a framework for the assessment of productivity while keeping track of mental health.

Authors :
Sanjib Biswas : Decision Sciences & Operations Management, Calcutta Business School, Bishnupur, South 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India.
Satirtha Dawn : Dr. B. C. Roy Engineering College, Durgapur, West Bengal, India.
Krishna Roy : Dr. B. C. Roy Engineering College, Durgapur, West Bengal, India
 

Abstract
Shift work stands as an indispensable pillar of contemporary society, facilitating ceaseless operations across an array of industries. However, stress is a significant, formidable challenge associated with shift work, which has extensive repercussions on the wellbeing of shift operatives. This study is an exploration of stress relief in the specific context of shift employment. It lays particular emphasis on the insights from studies that cast light on the intricate interplay of shift work, stress, and the ensuing ramifications for health. In this context, the present study is aimed at discussing the stress management strategies used by shift workers in India. The study uses primary data collected from 60 sample respondents through convenient sampling using a structured questionnaire. The findings reveal that stress management strategies for shift workers is an area that presents opportunities to determine some ways to manage stress not only for shift workers but for the worker population in general.

Authors :
B. K. Cyndia : Saveetha School of Law, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
K. S. Shoba Jasmin : Associate Professor, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Saveetha School of Law, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
 

Abstract
Time management involves the art of prioritizing tasks, allocating resources wisely, and ensuring that crucial activities receive the attention they deserve. With numerous commitments vying for attention, mastering time management techniques can help individuals streamline their efforts, minimize wasted time, and achieve their goals more effectively. Concurrently, stress management is crucial for maintaining mental and emotional equilibrium in the face of mounting pressures. Effectively managing stress allows individuals to remain focused, resilient, and better equipped to handle challenges. This paper explores various stress management strategies.

Author :
C. Vijai : Associate Professor, Department of Commerce and Business Administration, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, India.
 

Abstract
Micro & Small Enterprises - Cluster Development Programme (MSECDP) is one of the flagship schemes of the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MoMSME) for the creation of common facility centres and infrastructure development. Various Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were served in past few years, including Goal 8, ‘Decent Work and Economic Growth’ and Goal 9, ‘Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure’. MSMEs are provided grants for the setting up of state-of-the-art machines and equipment, thus helping them bring innovation to their work. The objective of this paper is to study the state-wise performance of MSMEs and MSME clusters in India and to compare MSME performance; and various stress management techniques adopted by the clusters. Secondary data was collected from the Udayam Registration, Ministry of MSME, Government of India, and various cluster websites, and analysed using various analytical tools like diagnostic analysis, descriptive analysis, predictive analysis, inferential analysis, prescriptive analysis and decision analytics. Input variables considered were no. of clusters, no. of working enterprises, employment generated, value of plant and machinery in INR crore, market value of fixed assets in INR crore and gross value of fixed assets in INR crore. The data was compared with variables like Common Facility Centre approved (CFCa), CFC in progress (CFCp), CFC Completed (CFCc), Infrastructure Development approved (IDa), Infrastructure Development in progress (IDp), Infrastructure Development Completed (IDc) and output variables like Total CFC and ID (CFC_ID_T) and No. of Clusters (Cn). The findings indicate that in order to achieve SDGs 8 and 9, there is need for more decent work, economic growth, industry, innovation, and infrastructure in the industrial clusters.

Author :
E. Bhaskaran : Joint Director (Engineering)/General Manager, District Industries Centre (DIC), Department of Industries and Commerce, Government of Tamil Nadu, India.
 

Abstract
Indian women perform many roles, ranging from homemaker to leader. Women today have developed skills and abilities as a result of being to their male partners and being homemakers. They have preserved the traditional work culture of family while also taking on new jobs. The banking industry is currently expanding at such a rapid rate that women must work longer hours to support their lifestyles and meet their basic needs. Despite the career advancement, women feel overloaded by work. According to the findings from this investigation, a significant number of bankers are under a lot of stress as a result of their jobs. While the causes of stress include long shifts, unsuitable reward structures, lack of worker self-governance, authoritative organizational culture, job struggle, among others, the most important reason is that management does not provide employees with enough support. Employees can see that there is a lot of pressure on them in different ways. Even though there may be no immediate signs, stress can cause serious health problems, like depression, heart problems, diabetes, and other conditions. Bankers’ health and relationships at home are also affected because most employees cannot spend time with their families or at home. Nevertheless, bankers’ levels of stress can be significantly reduced with effective management strategies.

Authors :
Salim Khan : Former Head and Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, St. Xavier’s College, Jaipur, India.
Ekta : Former Head and Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, St. Xavier’s College, Jaipur, India.
Meena : Head and Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, St. Xavier’s College, Jaipur, India
 

Abstract
The paper deals with the integrated single-window finance approach for cooperative businesses and the statutory institution for development finance set up by the Government of India in 1963 under an Act of the Parliament. The institution, National Cooperative Development Corporation, an entity with net-zero NPA, has explosively expanded its lending footprint across geographies and sectors since 2015. The key strategies adopted by the institution are covered in the discussion.

Authors :
Sundeep Kumar Nayak : PhD Scholar, Department of Business Administration, Faculty of IBCS, SoA Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
Ayasakanta Mohanty : Professor, Department of Business Administration, Faculty of IBCS, SoA Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
P. K. Swain : Professor, Department of Business Administration, Faculty of IBCS, SoA Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
 

Abstract
Financial inclusion (FI) means the assurance that all individuals, especially those who are marginalised, and businesses have easy and economical access to financial products and services. This includes financial services like accounts in financial institutions, facility for institutionalised credit, insurance, and other financial products that empower an individual to participate in the economy. The concept of FI has acquired greater relevance in the recent years, as access to financial services is considered as a major stimulant of economic growth and poverty reduction. Individuals who are unable to access financial services, may be excluded from the formal financial system, leaving them vulnerable to financial shocks. This article argues that since 2014, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the Government of India (GoI) have formulated strategies to boost FI and explains how it helped India in surviving financial shock during the pandemic, one of the greatest crises the world has seen. It also concludes that more work is needed in this area, which is where policy makers should focus on.

Authors :
Charan Singh : CEO, EGROW Foundation, Noida, India.
Ayanendu Sanyal : Expert (Honorary), EGROW Foundation, Noida, India
 

Abstract
Sustainability or sustainable development has become an important issue in the context of climate change and growing social inequity. While large companies are held responsible for their environmental and social obligations, the collective responsibility of small companies, called Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises or MSMEs, cannot be ignored. MSMEs are an important part of a country’s economy, required generating employment and contributing to the national income, however they also have a significant carbon footprint, and being located mostly in rural and remote areas, have important social obligations to fulfil. This paper presents a review of literature on sustainability in Indian MSMEs. Based on the literature review, the paper identifies the barriers to and drivers of the implementation of sustainable practices in MSMEs. Survey results on the effects of implementing sustainable practices on firms’ economic, environmental and social performance are also reviewed. Based on the summary of the literature review, the paper draws important managerial insights and practical implications for owners/managers of MSMEs, governments/regulatory bodies and industry associations/chambers of commerce in order to ease and facilitate the implementation of sustainable practices. The paper concludes with some directions for future research on sustainability in MSMEs.

Author :
Subrata Mitra : Professor of Operations Management, Indian Institute of Management Calcutta, Kolkata, India.
 

Abstract
The Multi Fibre Agreement (MFA), which had governed the global textile and apparel trade was replaced by the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) on January 1, 2005. The removal of quota restrictions has brought comparative advantage back to significant surplus economies such as China and India, and has also provided significant opportunities as well as challenges to the developing economies. Compared to its competitors, the Indian textile industry enjoys certain advantages, but at the same time, the industry also faces numerous challenges in the changed trade scenario. In this context, the present study analyses the performance of the Indian textile industry in terms of its export performance changes in the composition and destination of textile exports in the post-MFA period. The analysis period is from 1990-91 to 2020-21, divided into a transition period (1990-2004) and a post-MFA period (2005-2020). The annual growth of textile exports from India registered fluctuations both during the transition and post-MFA regime. The mean values of the major subsectors of Indian textiles, viz, readymade garments, cotton textiles, and manmade textiles were higher in the post-MFA than during the transition period. The regression results show improved performance in the exports of textiles, readymade garments, cotton textiles, and manmade textiles in the post-MFA period.

Authors :
Greeshma Manoj : Associate Professor, Department of Economics, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore.
S Muraleedharan : Associate Professor (Retired), Visiting Faculty, KNRC, MG University, Kottayam, Centre for Budget Studies, CUSAT
 

Abstract
The world has achieved massive economic progress in the past few decades, along with population explosion and rapid urbanization/ industrialization, the effects of which are being realized across the world in the form of global climate change with huge environmental impact. Though climate change is a natural phenomenon, the release of several greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere through human activities has made a greater contribution to global warming. The present paper is a review of Indian climate features/ trends and their consequences across the country. Recent countrywide trends in some selected climatic parameters like rainfall and temperature have been depicted. India is an agrarian country and is exposed to various hydro-ecological vulnerabilities, particularly successively occurring, extreme, climatic hazards like drought, flood and cyclone. Based on some indices, possible vulnerable areas due to the effect of climate change have also been depicted. Although the analyses are based on national level secondary data on selected parameters, some region-specific micro-level studies may better reveal the significance of these vulnerabilities. The present paper an attempt to map the climate variability across the nation.

Author :
S. N. Nandy : HARSAC, CCS Haryana Agricultural University Campus, Hisar, Haryana, India.
 

Abstract
Climate change is one of the most critical socio-economic and environmental problems in India. Although India’s per capita emission is very low compared to other developed nations, the economic impacts are very high as millions depend on climate sensitive sectors for instance, agriculture and forestry etc. Given the above context, this paper discusses the status of climate change, its economic impacts, especially for agriculture and forestry, climate change and financial gaps and other climate policy initiatives in India. In addition, this paper also discusses the four aspects such as climate change and macro-economic impacts, distributional aspects, social cost of carbon, and finally finance and technological aspects. There arises an urgent requirement to conduct a vulnerability assessment for reducing future poverty and inequality associate to climate change in India.

Author :
M. Balasubramanian : Assistant Professor, Centre for Ecological Economics and Natural Resources, Institute for Social and Economic Change, Dr. V. K. R. V. Rao Road Nagarabhavi, Bangalore, karnataka, India.
 

Abstract
Climate change poses a formidable threat to food security in India, a country with a population of over 1.3 billion people heavily dependent on agriculture for their livelihoods. This paper provides an overview of the challenges and potential solutions for addressing the intersection of climate change and food security in India. The impact of climate change, such as altered precipitation patterns, extreme weather events, rising temperatures, and changing pest and disease dynamics, have profound consequences for Indian agriculture, exacerbating the already existing vulnerabilities within the food system, from smallholder farmers to the overall supply chain. The consequences of a disrupted food supply extend to issues of malnutrition, hunger, and socio-economic instability.
This paper explores various facets of this complex issue such as the specific challenges faced by Indian agriculture due to climate change and the resultant threats to food security, ongoing efforts and potential solutions, including the adoption of climateresilient crop varieties, precision agriculture, and sustainable water management practices, to mitigate these challenges, and the necessity of policy intervention to enhance climate resilience within Indian agriculture.

Authors :
Ranjeet Singh : Principal Scientist and Head - Automation & Sensor Technology Division, ICAR-CIPHET, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.
Dhritiman Saha : Scientist - Automation & Sensor Technology Division, ICAR-CIPHET, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.
 

Abstract
Climate change is a spontaneous process which can be observed over a longer duration of time - around ten to fifteen years. It refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. Climate variation has been identified as the major cause of year-to-year fluctuations in agricultural production in both developed and developing countries. The present paper investigates the impact of climate change on agricultural productivity by employing the stochastic frontier production function proposed by Battese and Coelli (1995) with time varying effect using panel data spanning from 1995 to 2022 for four leading agricultural countries - Brazil, China, India and US. The stochastic frontier production function is based on the Cobb-Douglas production function in which agricultural output is regressed on various inputs along with the climate parameter to capture the technical efficiency effects involved in production function. The estimated results suggest that there is a significant negative impact of climate change on agricultural production as well as its technical efficiency. The correlation results also indicate that climate change has a detrimental impact on agricultural output as well as labour productivity. There is need for policies that jointly address sustainable development and climate change. Three broad categories of action are required - cutting emissions, adapting to climate change and financing for required adjustments. Alternative development pathways such as pursuing institutional changes and stimulating clean technology innovations can affect climate change. While excessive government intervention is inadvisable, if climate change is left unchecked, it will be a drag on the economy.

Authors :
Anju Kohli : Emeritus Professor, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India.
Deepa Soni : Assistant Professor, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India.
 

Abstract
This paper provides a brief review of climate change impacts on Indian agriculture. In addition to discussing the broad insights from various agronomic and economic analyses, the paper elaborates on the treatment of adaptation in impact estimations. The paper also discusses the distributional issues associated with climate change impacts and highlights the implications of climate change impacts on other dimensions such as migration and farmer suicides.

Authors :
K.S. Kavi Kumar : Professor, Madras School of Economics, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Anubhab Pattanayak : Assistant Professor, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT-Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India.
 

Abstract
Under Green Credit Program launched by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India, green credits will initially be generated from water conservation and afforestation projects. This is a market-based mechanism to incentivize voluntary environmental actions by various stakeholders including cooperatives. India has about 0.8 million primary level cooperatives working in diverse fields. There are other types of cooperatives at District, Apex and Multi-State levels. The total number of cooperatives of all types is little less than 0.9 million. This paper presents the argument that cooperatives have a big role in the green credit program to fight climate change as an economic activity.

Authors :
Sundeep Kumar Nayak : PhD Scholar, Department of Business Administration, Faculty of IBCS, SoA Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
Ayasakanta Mohanty : Professor, Department of Business Administration, Faculty of IBCS, SoA Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
P. K. Swain : Professor, Department of Business Administration, Faculty of IBCS, SoA Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
 

Abstract
Sustainable Development Goal 13 deals with climate action. Climate change is a real and undeniable threat to our entire civilization. The objective of this paper is to study: the performance of common effluent treatment plants of the Leather clusters in Ambur and Vaniyambadi in combatting climate change; the efforts made by the Leather cluster towards getting the Leather Working Group (LWG) certification; the effects of the Zero Effect and Zero Defect (ZED) certification; and the efforts made to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 13 on Climate Action in Tamil Nadu. The methodology of the study includes the collection of primary and secondary data from various websites of the Governments of India and Tamil Nadu and also from associations like the Council for Leather Exports, Ambur Economic Development Corporation Limited (AEDOL), Ambur and Vaniyambadi Leather Clusters. The data was analysed using CAGR, descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, regression analysis and structural equation modelling. It was found that the Governments of India and Tamil Nadu, and the SPV of the Leather cluster have been coordinating with each other to mitigate climate change in the leather sector by installing common effluent treatment plants, obtaining the Leather Working Group and the Zero Effect and Zero-Defect certifications, and achieving Sustainable Development Goal 13 on Climate Action and Change.

Author :
E. Bhaskaran : General Manager-Grade-I / Joint Director (Engineering), Department of Industries and Commerce, Government of Tamil Nadu, Tirupattur, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

Abstract
In this era of global climate change, land degradation and biodiversity loss have had significant impact on photosynthesis and productivity of the plant kingdom. The forestry and agricultural sectors also emit greenhouse gases such as CH4 , N2 O etc. which contribute to global warming. On the other hand, forestry and agricultural sectors are most vulnerable and sensitive to climate change, since the growth and productivity of these sectors depend on local climate parameters such as temperature, humidity, rainfall, solar radiation, soil health etc. The impact of climate change events varies regionally. This paper provides an overview of the potential impact of climate change on crop productivity. It also explains in detail the threats and possible opportunities in dealing with the changing climate.

Authors :
Anupama Mahato : Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Environmental Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Chhattisgarh, India.
 

Abstract
Carbon sequestration constitutes a vital ecological function executed by ecosystems to mitigate global warming due to the burgeoning sustained anthropogenic activities which release greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, carbon monoxide, etc.). The current study evaluates carbon dynamics in forest ecosystems through the InVest model with temporal land use analyses using remote sensing data from 1973 to 2021 in the Chikamagaluru district of Karnataka. Land use dynamics were assessed using temporal remote sensing data through a machinelearning-based supervised Random Forest algorithm, which shows a decline in forest cover of 28.98%, an increase in agricultural area by 5.31%, and horticulture by 42.52% in the last five decades, which has led to the depletion of carbon stock by 30683.81 Gg. Land use changes have a long-term effect on climatic variables, leading to changes in local temperature, annual rainfall, and number of rainy days in the study area.

Authors :
T.V. Ramachandra : Energy & Wetlands Research Group, Environmental Information System, Center for Ecological Sciences [CES]. Centre for Sustainable Technologies (Astra). Centre for Infrastructure, Sustainable Transportation and Urban Planning [CiSTUP], Indian Institute of Science, Karnataka, India.
Tulika Mondal : Energy & Wetlands Research Group, Environmental Information System, Center for Ecological Sciences [CES].
Paras Negi : Energy & Wetlands Research Group, Environmental Information System, Center for Ecological Sciences [CES].
Bharath Setturu : Energy & Wetlands Research Group, Environmental Information System, Center for Ecological Sciences [CES], Chanakya University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
 

Abstract
There is cordial nexus between migration and culture in the context of globalization. Labour migration from India to the Gulf countries is a consequence of globalization. The present study examines the nexus of migration and culture in the context of labour migration from Uttar Pradesh to the Gulf countries using an ethnographic approach through field work from November 2017 to December 2019 in Uttar Pradesh as the root, Mumbai as the transit destination and the United Arab Emirates as the international destination. The findings from the study show that there is interconnection between internal and international migration because of the culture of migration from Uttar Pradesh to the Gulf via Mumbai. This has resulted in the development of the concept of safe zone of migration.

Author :
Mohammed Taukeer : He is associated as research fellow in the International Institute of Migration and Development, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.
 

Abstract
India aims to become the world’s third largest economy (US$ 5 trillion) by 2025, a dream which was derailed to a certain extent because of the COVID-19 pandemic. There are several ways to achieving the target set, albeit with some time lag. One way to support the economy in such a high-pressure situation is through infrastructure development. A positive correlation between infrastructure development and economic development has been proved beyond doubt. Infrastructure development also supports socio-cultural development. The present paper is an attempt of understand the trends and status of infrastructure development in India. It is very important to take stock of the domestic situation in a global context, to have a more realistic picture and understand the gaps. The second part of the paper presents a comparative picture of infrastructure development in India and China.

Author :
Kishor Bhanushali
Director-Research, Karnavati University,Gandhinagar
 

Abstract
Total factor productivity (TFP) is an important indicator for measuring the relationship between outputs (total product) and inputs i.e., factors of production. It is primarily related with labour and capital. Increased TFP is the result of economic growth, technological change, education, innovation, etc. India, as one of the emerging market economies, should play an effective role in ensuring resilience and sustainability with respect to productivity. The objective of the study is to examine the influence of Infrastructure Investment (PII) on TFP in India. Annual time series data from the Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED) for the time period 1961 to 2020 has been used for this. Econometric tools such as Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Philips-Perron (PP) tests confirm the problem of non-stationarity at level. This problem was eliminated by taking first difference of all variables. Johansen Co-integration test was applied to find out co-integration. To capture the long-run and short-run causal relationships between PII and TFP, the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) was applied. The results confirm that there is an impact of PII on TFP. Short-run causal effects of PII on TFP have also been found. The Error Correction Term (ECT) value reveals that the model is in equilibrium and adjusts itself to external shock. Each result shows evidences of validation of PII for TFP. This study can serve as a guideline for policy makers so that they can strive to make productivity sector resilient and sustainable in post-pandemic era.

Authors :
Biswajit Paul
Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, University of Gour Banga, Malda, West Bengal.

Ashish Kumar Sana
Professor, Department of Commerce, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal.
 

Abstract
Productivity is the new buzzword for economic growth in the era of globalization, as countries with higher productivity levels enjoy a comparative advantage over their competitors. Infrastructure is critical in this quest for higher productivity, growth, and development, and energy infrastructure is one of its crucial components. Longterm planning for ensuring that energy demands are met has become an integral part of policy-making, as energy infrastructure requires a huge lump sum investment and has a long gestation period. So, capacity augmentation and installing energy infrastructure in its physical form (refineries, power plants, pipelines, distribution lines, and so on) have to be planned and executed early. In this paper, we first narrate India’s energy demand/consumption trends over the last four decades and then try to forecast future energy demands and related energy infrastructure needs over the medium to long run period of 20 years from 2020 to 2040. Total Primary Energy Consumption is expected to be more than double the current level, and electricity demand to treble. As a result, coal production, oil refining, gas importing and distribution, electricity generation, and transmission & distribution capacities all have to grow substantially. Thus, we are looking at massive infrastructure requirements for the energy production sector. Finally, policy implications are also discussed.

Authors :
Rajarshi Majumder
Professor of Economics, University of Burdwan, India.

Subhadip Ghosh
Assistant Professor, School of Business, Grant MacEwan University, Canada.

Bidisha Chatterjee
Research Scholar, Department of Economics, University of Burdwan, India.
 

Abstract
Air pollution has become one of the major societal and environmental challenges in India that has put millions of people’s health at high risk. India has witnessed extreme pollution events (EPEs) that have become a major concern for the policy makers and decision makers. Therefore, effective and efficient management of air pollution has become the need of the hour. The present study explores the initiatives taken by government agencies to mitigate the impact of air pollution in terms of policy development, infrastructure development, and institutional response for the control and mitigation of the impact of air pollution.

Authors :
Naresh Kumar
CSIR-National Institute of Science Communication and Policy Research, Krishnan Marg, New Delhi.

Shiv Narayan Nishad
CSIR-National Institute of Science Communication and Policy Research, Krishnan Marg, New Delhi.
 

Abstract
Infrastructure development has assumed greater importance in the post-1991 phase in India’s development. Theoretically, this is an important determinant that is expected to enhance productivity, leading to the creation of income generating opportunities that would help in alleviating poverty. The Indian government, at various points in time, has launched several projects aimed at achieving a high infrastructural base. In this study, an attempt was made to explore whether infrastructure has improved productivity and reduced poverty. Four infrastructure indicators were considered for this purpose namely: irrigation, power, transport. It is hypothesized that high productivity (GVO per capita) and poverty rate may be associated (positively or negatively) with infrastructural development. The results for productivity are a bit of a mixed bag, possibly due to the indicators themselves, but some of the results across states are quite interesting. This paper clearly brings out the patches that need policy interventions.

Authors :
Akshay Dhume
Professor, Department of Economics, Alliance University, Bengaluru.

R. S. Deshpande
Former Director, Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bengaluru.
 

Abstract
Health as a basic right is essential for the personal, social, economic and political development of every individual. Health is a valuable investment as well. It is more than 30 years since the member states of the World Health Organisation made an ambitious commitment to a global strategy of ‘Health for All by 2000 A.D.’ (i.e., HFA Goal), health as a basic right, and to the principles of primary health care. Moreover, health has no geographical boundaries. Good health like good governance has to be present everywhere in the form of good food and nutrition, health and best practices, and value orientation towards human dignity, including child protection and women empowerment. Thus, health is an inclusive problem for study and action. In India, despite modernisation and globalisation, good health infrastructure and services still seem to elude the countryside. Simply put, we need to address health problems at the village level. Health interventions are needed. Rural health services are essential to bring the rural folks to a more productive level and assimilate them in the national mainstream of manpower planning and human development. Every state must have this goal. The present study, however, is confined to one state, i.e. Karnataka. From the findings of the study, we can infer that there is a close relationship between rural economic development and health infrastructure. People take increasing interest in health promotion activities, but not always as resources are not adequate and accessible. There is inter-state, inter-district, inter-taluk, and inter-village disparities in this regard. It is only with the collaboration of the governments, private sector, and the third sector that we can make the much necessary headway. There should be no compromise on that.

Author :
V. Basil Hans
Retired Associate Professor, St Aloysius Evening College, Mangalore.
 

Abstract
Chennai is nicknamed the ‘Detroit of Asia’ due to the presence of major automobile manufacturing units and allied industries around the city. The infrastructure of Ambattur, Thirumudivakkam and Thirumalisai Industrial Estates were required to be upgraded, and they formed the Chennai Auto Ancillary Industrial Infrastructure Upgradation Company (CAAIIUC) for upgradation of the infrastructure of these three industrial estates. The CAAIIUC got funds under the Industrial Infrastructure Upgradation Scheme (IIUS), DPIIT, Government of India and developed these three industrial estates, and utilized physical infrastructure and centralized facilities under the Industrial Infrastructure Upgradation Scheme of the Government of India.
The objective was to perform a qualitative analysis of the CAAIIUC before and after the implementation of the IIUS Scheme. Qualitative data was collected from 100 industries using a questionnaire and analyzing the responses using Reliability Analysis, Descriptive Analysis, Factor Analysis, Correlation Analysis and Confirmatory Factory Analysis. Reliability Analysis proved that the data is excellent. Confirmatory Factory Analysis proved that the parameters on infrastructure, technology, procurement, production and marketing interrelationships are significant. There is a high degree of linkage between infrastructure and the other interrelationships like procurement, technology, production and marketing. Due to the implementation of the cluster development approach, the selling price of auto components of individual enterprises will decrease and they will be able to compete in the global market. The costs of marketing, infrastructure development, human resources, raw material and production will decrease and there will be an increase in the profit/turnover.

Author :
E. Bhaskaran
Joint Director (Engineering), Department of Industries and Commerce, Government of Tamil Nadu, Guindy, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

Abstract
Being an important component of the Human Development Index, education plays a very important role in the economic progress of an economy. The right to education has been enshrined as a fundamental right in the Constitution of India, which states that: “the State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children aged six to fourteen years in such a manner as the state may, by law, determine.” Both the central and the state governments have been paying increased attention to the need to provide “education for all”. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) is one of the flagship programmes of Government of India, which has been implemented in all the 30 districts of Odisha since 2001 in order to achieve universal elementary education. Availability of physical infrastructure is crucial for ensuring quality in elementary education. In this back drop an attempt has been made in the present study to construct a physical infrastructure index for government and private schools across the districts of Odisha, while assessing the role this plays in improving the enrolment (using secondary data collected from the report of DISE for the year 2014-15).

Authors :
Himani Majhi
Research Scholar, PG Department of Economics, Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanjdeo University, India.

Minati Mallick
Associate Professor, PG Department of Economics, Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanjdeo University, India.
 

Abstract
Infrastructure is the prerequisite for the development of any economy. It is difficult to imagine the modern world without basic facilities. Education is a human right while health is a human need. Both education and health are necessary for human emancipation and the social development of regions. Among the various elements of the basic structural characteristics, health and education levels are the best showcases of regional development due to their dual functions as cause and effect of modernization. The proposed study establishes the relationship between social infrastructure and social development using the infant mortality rate (IMR) and literacy rate of Uttar Pradesh, and also attempts to find out the cause-effect relation between both.

Authors :
Sarvesh
Research Scholar, Department of Applied Economics, Faculty of Commerce, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India.

Karuna Shanker Kanaujiya
Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Economics, Faculty of Commerce, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India.

Abhishek Singh
Research Scholar, Department of Applied Economics, Faculty of Commerce, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India.
 

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the functioning of enterprises and posed a significant effect on the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) sector. This research intends to explore the effect of COVID-19 on the manufacturing MSMEs in Bangalore by studying the key performance indicators, namely, Labour, Revenue, Production and Supply Chain. The study also tries to determine the extent to which manufacturing MSMEs benefitted from government relief packages. The paper followed a mixed-method approach and employed the indexing method by assigning index scores to draw inferences about the level of effect caused by COVID-19 on the KPIs of manufacturing MSMEs. Primary data was collected from MSME owners through a structured online questionnaire. The government and the policymakers can use this research to draw insights and reinforce MSMEs in the short and long term.

Authors :
Theresa Nithila Vincent
Professor and Head, Department of Commerce, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore.

Bhoomika Lakshminarayana
Scholar, Department of Commerce, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore.

Lakshmi Bhooshetty
Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore.

Enu Chalissery
Scholar, Department of Commerce, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore.
 

Abstract
This paper makes an attempt to link export performance with productivity, using Indian data, to assess whether sectors with higher comparative advantage in the FTA partner markets have experienced increased productivity over the years. Changes in exports are then correlated with changes in productivity. The sectors to be studied were identified after calculating the Bilateral Revealed Comparative Advantage (BRCA), and productivity using Data Envelop Analysis (DEA). Malmquist Productivity Index at the sectoral level was used to calculate Total Factor Productivity (TFP) growth. The findings from the paper reveal that though it is natural that due to intense competition at the international level, productive firms will survive; in reality, a few other factors play an important role. A labourabundant country tends to specialise in labour-intensive sectors, but due to low penetration of technology, its TFP growth is slower. Price advantages received by firms are solely due to cheaper labour costs. These firms face challenges in reaping the benefits from economies of scale, which is possible only when the scale of operations is larger, along with higher productivity. Also, the relationship between export competitiveness and productivity tends to ignore various forms of trade barriers. The introduction of new forms of non-tariff barriers mars productivity benefits. Regulatory barriers, licensing, etc. play an important role and productivity growth requires concurrent adherence to such barriers for higher exports.

Authors :
Kashika Arora
Consultant, Ministry of Commerce, Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, New Delhi.

Biswajit Nag
Professor, Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, New Delhi.

Abstract
The inclusion of the agricultural sector under the free trade agreement (FTA) has been a topic of discussion since its inception. This study addresses the question of whether the Indian agricultural commodities are competitive under the ASEAN-India Free Trade Agreement (AIFTA). It relies on the World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) data for ASEAN and India between the years 2001 and 2021. Methodologically, the Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) index value was calculated to evaluate the competitiveness of India on 15 selected agricultural commodities. The study reveals that India has comparative advantage at the aggregate level but there are strong variations across the commodities at a disaggregate level. Commodities such as meat, spices, and cotton products were found to have strong comparative advantage reflecting India’s future export potential in the ASEAN market. On the contrary, commodities like diary, edible fruit coffee, soya-bean and palm oil products were found to be at a comparative disadvantage in the ASEAN market over the study period. There is a need to reframe the Indian agricultural trade policy and priority should be given to the exportoriented, high-value goods for augmenting competitiveness with the ASEAN countries in the future. 

Authors :
Subhash Jagdambe
Assistant Professor, Balurghat Mahila Mahavidayalya, Dakshin Dinajpur, West Bengal, India.

Rajesh Raushan
Assistant Professor, Indian Institute of Dalit Studies (IIDS), New Delhi, India.
 

Abstract
In view of the consistent efforts of India and UK to negotiate a Free Trade Agreement (FTA), the paper attempts to estimate the potential export gains for India from the proposed India-UK FTA. The trends of India’s exports to the UK have been analysed using compound annual growth rate. To estimate the potential short- and long-run impact of the FTA on India’s exports to the UK, the ARDL framework has been employed. The results indicate that market size and liberal trade policies are contributing to India-UK exports in the long-run. The tariff imposed by the UK on India’s exports was found to be negative and significant, both for the long- and short-run, thereby suggesting that reduction or removal of tariffs due to the FTA will significantly enhance trade gains for India.

Authors :
Rinku Manocha
Associate Professor, Department of Commerce, Hindu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi.

Niti Bhasin
Professor (International Business), Programme Coordinator: MBA (IB), Department of Commerce, Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi, New Delhi.
 

Abstract
This article evaluates the influence of regional trade agreements (RTAs) and international borders on international trade between India and the BRI nations using the structural gravity framework. The methodology utilised in this research produces robust results by accounting for endogeneity, RTA phasing-ins, multilateral impacts, and multiple estimation techniques. This analysis demonstrates that the influence of RTAs on trade among India and the BRI countries becomes minimal when the consequences of globalization are considered. Furthermore, the diminishing influence of international borders on trade flow among member countries shows that more trade being facilitated between open economies.
 

Authors :
Hajra Manzoor
Research Scholar, Department of Management Studies, Islamic University of Science and Technology, India.

Parvez Ahmad Mir
Associate Professor, Department of Management Studies, Islamic University of Science and Technology, India.
 

Abstract
This study emphasizes the policies, strategies, trade agreements, and export promotional activities undertaken by the Indian government to develop the Apparel and Textile Industry. The government’s emphasis is on improving textile manufacturing by building the best quality manufacturing capability, improving technology that fosters creativity, and enhancing competencies and conventional strengths in the textile sector to ensure inclusive and participatory growth for India. The primary data has been collected through a questionnaire to analyze exporters’ views and opinions on various issues related to government textile policies, promotional strategies, impact of national and international affairs on the textile export market, and on questions about problems and suggestions.

Authors :
Chandra Prabha
Former Research Scholar, Banaras Hindu University.

S N Jha
Faculty of Commerce, Banaras Hindu University.
 

Abstract
The Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME), Government of India (GoI) is adopting a cluster development approach for enhancing the productivity and competitiveness of Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) and their collective. The Knitwear Cluster in Tirupur was formed during 2003 having MSEs with many interventions by UNIDO and Government of India as well as Government of Tamil Nadu under IIUS and MSE-CDP. The objectives of this research article are: to study the Business Analytics Performance of Tirupur Knitwear Cluster in areas such as diagnostic analysis, descriptive analysis, predictive analysis and prescriptive analysis; to study the diagnostic analysis based on UNIDO intervention in before and after Cluster Development Approach (CDA) to improve the efficiency of the industries, to study the descriptive analysis performance of knitwear export between Government of India and Government of Tamil Nadu, to study the descriptive analysis and predictive analysis of knitwear export based on Number of Units, Employment, Production and Export; to study the prescriptive analysis based on regression analysis and SEM; and to study impact asssessment and make recommendations to exporters, state and the central government on improvements in exports based on trade agreements. The study results show that there is increase in number of units, employment, production and turnover after the adoption of CDA when compared to before CDA. Global market for the knitwear exports from India is estimated at around an average of Rs. 53,884 crores, and from Tamil Nadu it is INR 26,814.17 crores from the year 2016-17 to 2021-22. Recommendations include that further trade agreements should be made with other untapped countries to increase exports of India and that the Government of India and Government of Tamil Nadu should create cluster policies based on export consortia variables.

Author :
E. Bhaskaran
Joint Director (Engineering), Department of Industries and Commerce, Government of Tamil Nadu, Guindy, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

Abstract
The present study investigates the effects of tariff liberalization under the India-UAE Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) using a partial equilibrium tool, the WITS-SMART model, to analyse the potential trade effects, specifically trade creation, trade diversion, welfare and revenue effects. Trade effects are assessed at two stages of classification, i.e., the UNCTAD stages of processing classification of goods and the HS 6-digit level of classification. The study examines the potential trade effects of a 100-percent tariff reduction by India and UAE on imports from each other, at the UNCTAD-SOP classification and HS 6-digit level using the SMART Model. The simulation results reveal that the India-UAE CEPA will result in approximately 70% trade creation and 30% trade diversion. The study argues that the India-UAE CEPA will result in trade diversion from many developed countries and other GCC member states, among others. It is pertinent for other GCC countries to negotiate an India-GCC FTA or CEPA to avoid possible trade diversion as a result of the India-UAE CEPA. The results also reveal positive consumer surplus gains for India and the UAE through the CEPA. The study argues that tariff reduction on imports from each other will result in losses in budget revenue, more so for India. Despite all advantages and disadvantages, the results show that overall, trade relations between India and the UAE have improved over time, but there is a lot of untapped potential in order to achieve welfare gains for both trading partners. Finally, the study cautions about the implications of a sensitive list for trade effects and protection from misuse of the rules of origin in the CEPA. 

Authors :
Saba Ismail
Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi.

Shahid Ahmed
Professor, Department of Economics, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi.
 

Abstract
Manufacturing sector in India has exhibited a rather stagnant growth over the years and has failed to create business and job opportunities, provide productive employment and drive exports. Against this backdrop, the present paper seeks to analyse the productivity performance of the sector during the last one-and-ahalf decade and identify the firm level characteristics impacting the productivity. Using industry level data from annual survey of industries and firm level data from CMIE prowess database, it is found that the manufacturing sector did experience growth in labour productivity and total factor productivity in some of the years during the period of study. However, the overall productivity growth has not been impressive in the sense that it lacked consistency and inclusivity. Examination of firm level characteristics reveals that features like size, R&D stock and age of firm have been the major drivers of growth. Hence, sectors characterised by large and technologically superior firms managed productivity growth while sectors with dominant share of smaller firms with lower R&D and technological capability have found this benefit elusive.

Authors :
Chandrima Sikdar
Professor, School of Business Management, NMIMS University, V. L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, India.

Priya Harikumar
Former Project Research Scholar and Former Student, Sarla Modi School of Economics, NMIMS University, V. L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, India.
 

Abstract
The new method of paddy cultivation known as the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) helps in saving water and increasing the productivity of paddy. SRI has been in practice over the last few years in India, but not many studies have attempted to find out whether the SRI method of paddy cultivation is useful to farmers in terms of saving water and increasing the yield of paddy, using data collected from canal irrigated areas. In this study, an attempt has been made to fill this gap using data collected from a total sample of 100 farmers from a district in the state of Tamil Nadu. The study shows that SRI farmers can save 33 percent on water, 26 percent on the cost of cultivation. Productivity can also be increased by about 48 percent, in comparison with non-SRI farmers.

Authors :
G Karthiga Devi
Research Scholar, Department of Economics and Rural Development, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu.

A Narayanamoorthy
Senior Professor and Head, Department of Economics and Rural Development, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu.

P Jothi
Adjunct Lecturer, Department of Economics and Rural Development, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu.

K S Sujitha
Research Assistant, Department of Economics and Rural Development, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu.
 

Abstract
The new method of paddy cultivation known as the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) helps in saving water and increasing the productivity of paddy. SRI has been in practice over the last few years in India, but not many studies have attempted to find out whether the SRI method of paddy cultivation is useful to farmers in terms of saving water and increasing the yield of paddy, using data collected from canal irrigated areas. In this study, an attempt has been made to fill this gap using data collected from a total sample of 100 farmers from a district in the state of Tamil Nadu. The study shows that SRI farmers can save 33 percent on water, 26 percent on the cost of cultivation. Productivity can also be increased by about 48 percent, in comparison with non-SRI farmers.

Authors :
Roli Misra
Associate Professor, Department of Economics, University of Lucknow.

Nagendra Kumar
Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Economics, University of Lucknow.

Shivani Tewari
Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Study Hall College, University of Lucknow.
 

Abstract
The Cooperative movement in India in the British legal context, dates back to 1904, although the Vedas highlight the spirit of cooperation and prosperity on earth centuries ago. With the creation of an independent Ministry of Cooperation in the Central Government, this movement has received a big boost with right frameworks being put in place through a slew of strategic decisions. The focus is on primary cooperatives playing a frontal multi-activity role in transforming India’s rural economy, instead of the traditional focus on inputs such as credit, fertiliser, pesticides, etc. The scope of work of primary agricultural cooperative credit societies has been expanded through a model by-law to about 25 diverse business activities. Also, the aim is to set up 200,000 new and modern cooperatives across the country. This paper examines the context, opportunities and challenges in some sectoral types of cooperatives.
 

Authors :
Sundeep Kumar Nayak
PhD Scholar, Department of Business Administration, Faculty of IBCS, SoA Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

K.T. Chhaneshappa
Former Executive Director, National Cooperative Development Corporation, Ministry of Cooperation, New Delhi, India.

Ayasakanta Mohanty
Professor, Department of Business Administration, Faculty of IBCS, SoA Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

P. K. Swain
Professor, Department of Business Administration, Faculty of IBCS, SoA Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

Abstract
Generally, e-waste is improperly handled by the unorganized sector in India due to a lack of expertise and knowledge. Setting up proper systems for handling and managing e-waste has been a major issue for stakeholders throughout the world. The objective of this paper is to study e-waste, its classification, understanding the levels of awareness about e-waste, people’s perception and issues related to the management of e-waste. Informal interactions were conducted in Bareilly and its surrounding areas to know more about the respondents’ understanding, perception and awareness of e-waste and its management systems.

Authors :
Raveesh Agarwal
Professor and Head, Department of Business Administration, Rajshree Institute of Management & Technology, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Deepak Mahaur
Assistant Professor, Rajshree Law College, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Abstract
Electronic waste (e-waste) is one of the fastest growing waste sources in the country. The use of electronic equipment has risen exponentially as a result of the growth of the communications and information technology sector. Since e-waste contains hazardous materials, the huge deposition of electronic waste and its recycling for the extraction of valuable metals using primitive methods is a major concern in developing countries. Consumers are being forced to replace outdated gadgets due to their rapid obsolescence and subsequent upgrades, which generates massive amounts of e-waste into the solid waste stream. When toxic metals like lead, cadmium, mercury, and other electronic products are dumped, it contaminates the environment. Typically, non-biodegradable, toxic metals found in e-waste will have long-lasting harmful effects on the environment in general and our health in particular. Because of the toxic and other hazardous materials it contains, e-waste has grown to be both an immediate and long-term problem. Its uncontrolled and improper collection, recycling, and disposal can cause serious environmental issues that endanger not only the health of people and animals but also the environment. This paper attempts to analyse the situation of e-waste in India and mentions some innovative recycling methodologies and technologies that can be useful for the proper management of e-waste to ensure that it is either eliminated or minimally disposed of into the environment. The paper also focuses on the various management techniques for managing this toxic substance, as well as the health risks associated with e[1]waste.

Authors :
Arif Khan
Registrar, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India.

Meena Murmu
Assistant Professor, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India.

Abstract
India is galloping fast towards achieving development goals in all areas, leading to dangers arising from development plans. Large scale generation of “electronic waste” (hereafter referred to as e-waste), with the lack of effective and efficient methods to dispose of it, is among the bigger threats. Lifestyle changes in India have been a huge contributor in generating nearly 3 million tons of e-waste annually, making India the third largest producer of e-waste in the world after China and the US. However, the more serious matter of concern is the fact that less than 2 percent of its e-waste produced annually is recycled in the country, against the global figure of 20 percent. Further, given its harmful impact on both human and environmental health because of the lack of adequate and effective management, along with the possibilities and greater opportunities of producing recycled metals such as iron, steel, plastics, and other non-ferrous metals, the need of the hour is that significant policies and strategies should be framed, followed by strict implementation. India’s commitment to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030 (namely, targets 3, 8, 11, 12, and 17) will directly or indirectly depend on India’s management of e-waste in the upcoming years. This study focuses on the importance of e-waste management in achieving the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals and also to suggest some strategies for adequate e-waste management in the future.

Author :
Neeta Saxena
Associate Professor, SAGE University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.

Abstract
Sustainability must be realized holistically in this era of rapid technological advancements, with a focus on the various processes that generate by-products that have a deleterious and devastating impact on the environment as a whole.
Industrialization and globalization have their advantages as well as challenges in terms of handling aspects that have a huge and drastic impact on sustainability. Electronic waste (e-waste) is a critical issue these days, leading to excessive pollution of both biotic and abiotic components, but is not a matter of debate to the same extent as climate change, greenhouse gas emissions and increased carbon footprint.
This paper focuses on solutions to curb, control, and contain electronic waste. There are two dimensions to this paper, it describes an application as well as the legal protocols that are to be implemented globally in order to address the environmental impact of e-waste and its subsequent strategic management.

Authors :
Lakshmi Priya Vinjamuri
Associate Professor, Law College Dehradun, Uttaranchal University, Uttarakhand, India.

Aghanaashaa A
Software Engineer, Nine Leaps Technologies, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

Abstract
E-Waste is an emerging environmental problem in India and the rest of the world. It is a paradox of a sort as e-waste has both beneficial and harmful effects. The sudden growth of the IT and electronics industries, changing lifestyles of people, availability of low priced electronic gadgets, technological advancements, among others, have led to increased use of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) in India. The existing conditions are also instrumental in the state of Kerala becoming one of the fastest e-waste generating states in India. The total waste stream from obsolete EEE is normally generated from household and institutional consumers. A pilot study of scrap dealers of Kerala revealed that the majority of WEEE was generated by household consumers across rural and urban areas of the state. This is the right period to filter the major factors leading to the high obsolescence rate of this ‘new generation waste’ in Kerala. The study was conducted among 400 household consumers across Kerala. This descriptive study, which shows the awareness level of household consumers towards e-waste generation and handling, contributes considerably to research on the generation of electrical and electronic wastes (WEEE).

Authors :
Shibulal A. L.
Associate Professor & HoD, Mohandas Institute of Management, MCET, APJAK Technological University, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.

K. S. Chandrasekar
Senior Professor & HoD, Institute of Management in Kerala, SBM&LS, University of Kerala, Kariyavattom campus, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.

Abstract
‘Vasudhaiv Kutumbakam’. The meaning of this famous Sanskrit phrase is that the whole world is one family, which is what the world is becoming. In this era of modernization and information technology, people are becoming more connected with each other. This has been made possible with the discovery of long waveradio frequency, broadband spectrums, etc. Inventions like the television, radio, mobile phones and computers have made our lives easier. We are heading towards a better quality and higher standard of life. However, we must pay the price of all this development in the form of destruction of the environment. When electronic products become obsolete, they fall under the category of e-waste, whichis a major concern for all countries at present. Man creates and moldshis environment which sustains and leads to “intellectual, social, moral and spiritual growth” (UN, 1972, p. 3). The preservation and conservation of environment is therefore necessary if humanity has to survive. Developing countries face enormous challenges related to the generation and management of e-waste which iseither internally generated or imported illegally, with India being no exception. Informal processing of electronic waste in developing countries causes serious health and pollution problem.

Authors :
Vaibhav Goel Bhartiya
Dean, Faculty of Law, Subharti Law College, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Apeksha Chaudhary
Assistant Professor, Institute of Legal Studies, Ch. Charan Singh University, Meerut. Uttar Pradesh, India.

Afreen Almas
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law, Subharti Law College, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut. Uttar Pradesh, India.

Abstract
Every day, sales representatives experience intense multifaceted emotions that bring along a lot of provocations. Simultaneously, today’s customers are more conversant, challenging, and less patient than before, making it difficult for sales representatives to gauge their emotional intelligence. The stiff sales environment further creates mental pressure that disrupts the routine functioning and job satisfaction of sales representatives. This calls for the study of the psychological processes underlying employees’ perceptions of satisfaction with their job; which has not been given comprehensive consideration in past research. This paper extends this idea by touching on the origin and progression of emotional intelligence over time and the relational analysis of one of its key sub-sets namely, management of emotions with job satisfaction. For statistical analysis, tools including EFA, CFA, correlation, and linear regression were employed on a sample of 424 respondents based out of the Delhi/National Capital Region (NCR). Empirical analysis indicated a significant and positive association between perceived management of emotions and satisfaction with job of sales representatives.

Authors :
Jahanvi Bansal
Associate Professor, Shri Jaysukhlal Vadhar Institute of Management (JVIMS), Jamnagar, Gujarat, India.

Sapna Rana
Assistant Professor, KIIT College of Engineering, Gurugram, Haryana, India.

Abstract
Economic activity as a measure of development is generally estimated in terms of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). But the propriety of GDP as a measure of development has been subject to debate. Different theoretical as well as empirical evidences have hinted towards a relationship between geography and economic growth. This paper attempts to test the geographical proximity hypothesis (i.e., economic growth of a region is determined by its geography in general, and its proximity to other developing or under developed regions in particular) in context of India. This paper argues that the growth rate of a region is determined by the proximity to developed or under-developed states and such clusters of proximate states grow together as a whole. This inference has huge policy implications and makes a favourable case for inclusion of geography as a significant determinant of economic growth.

Author :
Chhaya Singh
Assistant Director, Department of Commerce, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, New Delhi, India.

Abstract
The present work is an examination of the effect of wear test parameters, viz., track diameter, load and speed on the wear rate of carbon fibre PLA. The specimens for wear test were designed as per the ASTM-G99 type 1 standard. They were printed by Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) process by considering one of the best combinations of its parameters viz., layer thickness, in fill pattern and extrusion temperature. The wear testing was conducted on the specimens using pin on disc Tribometer by considering three levels of each of the wear test parameters. Wear tests were designed according to L9 orthogonal array. The results were analysed using Taguchi analysis (DOE) on the MINITAB-19 software and it was found that the track diameter is the most significant parameter with respect to wear of carbon fibre PLA. The results of the interaction plot of S/N ratios of wear show that there is a substantial influence of interactions between track diameter and speed, and speed and load on the wear of carbon fibre PLA. But little effect was observed on the wear of carbon fibre PLA as far as the interaction between track diameter and load is considered.

Authors :
V. Durga Prasada Rao
Dept. of Mechanical Engg., S.R.K.R Engineering College, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India.

N. Harsha
Dept. of Mechanical Engg., S.R.K.R Engineering College, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India.

SK. M.Z.M. Saqheeb Ali
Dept. of Mechanical Engg., S.R.K.R Engineering College, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India.

SK. R.S. Mahaboob Ali
Dept. of Mechanical Engg., S.R.K.R Engineering College, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Abstract
This study examines the determinants of labour migration from India to the Gulf countries by exploring facts about working and living conditions of migrant labourers in Mumbai and the United Arab Emirates. Hence, field work was conducted in India as well as the United Arab Emirates between 2017 and 2019. The paper covered a total of 540 migrant labourers including 180 international return migrant labourers at root in Uttar Pradesh, another 180 migrant labourers from North India in Mumbai and 180 Indian migrant labourers in the United Arab Emirates. The methodology used in this paper is mixed method approach at root in Uttar Pradesh and qualitative study design at both internal and international destinations, namely, Mumbai and United Arab Emirates respectively. It was observed that internal migration leads to international migration; both types of migration are the result of similar economic and non-economic causes. Migrant labourers find similar working and living conditions in Mumbai and the United Arab Emirates.

Authors :
Mohammed Taukeer
Research Fellow, The International Institute of Migration and Development, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.

Abstract 
India is one of the developing countries with a demographic advantage recognized almost two decades ago. However, has India been able to transform this demographic advantage into human capital to achieve an inclusive and sustainable economic growth? In this paper we are trying to look at the strengths of our existing workforce, identify the gaps existing in the reach of our social programs for enhancing the educational and skill levels of our workforce of the future, and the path to be followed for building our potential human capital for achieving a faster and equitable distribution of the benefits of economic growth.

Author :
A Srija : Economic Advisor, Department of School Education & Literacy, Ministry of Education, New Delhi, India.
 

Abstract
Since 2005, India has been witnessing a continuous downward trajectory in its already low female labour force participation rate (FLPR). In 2021, India’s FLPR declined even below the rates of our neighbouring countries - Pakistan and Bangladesh. Mechanization in agriculture, lack of job opportunities in semi-urban areas, regressive socio-cultural factors, lack of frequent transportation, and lack of affordable child care are some of the reasons for such a low and declining FLPR. Increasing FLPR has both social as well as economic benefits. Higher participation of women can improve the nation’s aggregate economic productivity by ensuring optimum utilization of human talent and ensuring diversity in the workplace. High FLPR can also help in improving development indicators like child nutrition, and women empowerment.

Authors :
Monika Singh : Assistant Director, NITI Aayog, New Delhi, India.
Charan Singh : CEO, Foundation for Economic Growth and Welfare, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
 

Abstract
The recent trends in female labour force participation have garnered considerable attention among policymakers and research scholars in India, primarily because of the sudden and significant falls in female labour force participation rates in the presence of many enabling factors, particularly the growth of the GDP. Studies on the falling rates have examined many underlying ‘pull and push’ factors but few of them have analysed the role of productivity. This study attempts to have a preliminary understanding of the role of labour productivity on the female labour force participation in India using cross-section and panel data. The study found a link between labour productivity and wages which could impact female labour force participation. The paper found that the FLFPR function for the rural and urban sectors is markedly different from each other and hence, should be studied separately.

Author :
Laxmi Narayan : Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Govt. College, Mahendergarh, Haryana, India.
 

Abstract 
The country has witnessed large scale shifting of labour from the agricultural sector during the last three decades, resulting in cost escalation in crop production. The major factors responsible for migration include better opportunities in alternate sectors, higher wages, better living conditions, and uninterrupted work opportunities. This calls for prevention of labour migration, which requires a number of measures like effective implementation of a minimum wage act, improving working conditions, health care, social security, skill development, etc. The policy measures initiated to address these issues will not only help in developing agricultural sector but also the overall growth of the economy.

Author :
Deepak Shah : Professor, Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics (Deemed to be a University), Deccan Gymkhana, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
 

Abstract
This paper intends to identify the key factors of employee engagement and well-being as antecedents to employee performance and the resultant impact on employee productivity. The study is empirical in nature and simple random sampling was used for data collection with the private sector of the state of Jammu & Kashmir as the universe. A total of 550 questionnaires were distributed and 513 valid responses collected. Regression and structural equation modelling (SEM) were used to predict and estimate the relationship. The findings from the study reveal that all identified factors are predictors of psychological well-being (r2 = 0.46), however, the variables that have a major impact are environmental mastery. autonomy, and self-acceptance. Psychological well-being has a significant impact on employee performance (r2 = 0.42). This study contributes to both theory and practice by investigating the impact of psychological well-being on employee performance and productivity in private sector undertakings.

Authors :
Fayaz Ahmad : Professor & Dean, School of Business Studies, Central University of Kashmir, Jammu & Kashmir, India.
Ishfaq Bashir : Research Scholar in Management, Central University of Kashmir, Jammu & Kashmir, India.
 

Abstract 
The LGBTQ community has historically been a significant stakeholder in the diverse social fabric of India. With the advent of the British rule, this vulnerable group was marginalized, outlawed and their conduct subject to criminal law under IPC Section 377 (Indian Police Code) that continued well into 21st century India; an abhorring act that was repealed by the Supreme Court of India after a protracted legal battle by the community. We focus on the inclusivity and dignity of the marginalized groups in the workforce contrasting their growth and progress in the backdrop of a developing economic powerhouse. We review literature across sectors including policies and legislation of the Indian Government to understand the challenges being faced by this community in their struggle for acceptance and dignity in the Indian workforce. We also highlight the preliminary efforts made by several organizations towards restoration of the fundamental citizenship rights and dignity of the LGBTQ community. The paper concludes with implementable action points for the Indian corporate sector, in line with enhancing inclusivity for this social group and other marginalized communities.

Authors :
Soumi Rai : Senior Associate Professor, NICMAR University, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
Shalini S Gopalkrishnan : Visiting Professor, Golden Gate University, CA, USA and Middlebury Institute, Monterey, Canada.
 

Abstract
India, one of the largest manufacturers of matchboxes, produces about 4 crore boxes per day. There is a need to study the technical efficiency of the workforce of the Safety Match Clusters (SMC) in Tamil Nadu. The objective is to study the physical and financial performance, and technical efficiency of four SMCs in Tamil Nadu. The methodology consists of collection of primary data for various periods from 2016-17 to 2020-21 and secondary data from SMC officials. The input variables are Units, Employment and Investment, whereas the output variables are Production and Turnover. Data was analysed for ascertaining the technical efficiency of 4 SMCs before and after the implementation of the Cluster Development Approach (CDA), using the output-oriented Banker, Charnes, and Cooper (BCC) model of DEA, output-orientated Malmquist DEA, and stochastic frontier analysis. The study concluded that three clusters are highly efficient, but one needs improvement in workforce and investment to increase turnover. The Malmquist Index Summary of Firm Means indicates an efficiency change of 22% and pure efficiency change of 26%. As per the stochastic frontier equation To=-10.51-0.90En+4.34 In, with a unit increase in employment, the turnover decreases by 0.9 units which is insignificant, and for every unit increase in investment on machinery, the turnover increases by 4.4 units which is significant. The workforce needs further improvement for one firm, whereas the other three are highly efficient.

Author :
E. Bhaskaran : Joint Director (Engineering), Department of Industries and Commerce, Government of Tamil Nadu, Guindy, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

Abstract
The skill gap among the youth of today is widening and is resulting in unemployability. It is time to revisit the education system and work strategies to develop employability skills among students. One such strategy can be incorporating internships in the curriculum at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels across disciplines. While offering an internship course, it is of utmost importance that the stakeholders involved, namely the primary stakeholders, which include the interning student, the Higher Educational Institution (HEI) and the organisation in which the intern is placed, should maintain continuous communication through which all three of them benefit. This paper attempts to examine the perception of the stakeholders about bridging the skill gap through internships, and their advantages and challenges.

Author :
R. Belinda : Associate Prof. & Head, Dept. of Social Work (SFS), Madras Christian College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

Abstract 
Human capital being unique and inimitable is a source of competitive advantage for organizations. Literature suggests that effective and well-established human resource management (HRM) practices help in better retention and utilization of human resources, thereby resulting in the improvement of the organizational performance overall. Most studies have examined the linkage between HRM practices and organizational performance in large organizations. Not much research is available on the effect of HR practices on the performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Coimbatore is an entrepreneurial hub, its industrial ecosystem dominated by SMEs, therefore, there is a need to explore the HR practices in the SMEs of Coimbatore. This study evaluates the relationship among HR practices and organizational performance of SMEs in Coimbatore. Data was collected from 200 SMEs that were members of the Coimbatore District Small Scale Industries Association (CODISSIA). It was found that HRM practices had a significant positive effect on organizational performance.

Author :
Vandana Madhavkumar : Associate Professor, GRG School of Management Studies, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Peelamedu, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

Abstract
This article attempts to investigate the effects of growing edible sugarcane using the drip as well as the conventional irrigation method with the help of field-level survey data collected in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. This research investigates edible irrigated sugarcane in light of the rapid fall in irrigation water potential and low water-use efficiency in non-edible, flood-irrigated sugarcane cultivation. Using drip irrigation for growing edible sugarcane not only helps to conserve water, but also boosts crop yields. When comparing drip- and flood-irrigated edible sugarcane farming, the study indicated that the former used around 37 percent less water and the latter made about 103 percent more money. Also, compared with the more conventional flood method of irrigation (FMI), edible sugarcane grown with drip method of irrigation (DMI) reduces electricity costs by roughly 51 percent. DMI farmers had a higher gross cost of cultivation, water and electricity savings, gross value of output, productivity, and profitability from growing edible sugarcane. Finally, the study recommends that the benefits of sugarcane cultivation under drip irrigation be disseminated among farmers as soon as possible by bolstering quality extension service programmes, awareness campaigns, and providing extensive publicity on a continual basis to reduce farmer misery.

Author :
P. Padmavathi : Assistant Professor and Head, Department of Economics, VidhyaaGiri College of Arts and Science, Puduvayal, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

Abstract: Grain legumes are excellent sources of protein, dietary fibres, starch, micronutrients and vitamins particularly for economically poor section of population in India. The study is targeted to analyse the growth in area and production, demand, availability and trade of pulses in India and also to examine policy options for enhancing pulses production. Pulses reached an all-time high production level of 23.92 million tonnes in TE2018–19. Pulses production registered an annual increase of 3.84 per cent in nearly last two decades owing to the expanding area and better yield. Madhya Pradesh alone contributed about one-third (30.95%) of pulses production in India indicating a growth rate of 5.57 per cent. Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh are sharing about 70 per cent of total pulses production in India. Chickpea, lentil and pigeon pea are greatly cultivated in these states having a dominant place in global production. Uttar Pradesh had indicated negative sign in pulses due to shifting of area towards wheat, paddy, oilseeds and sugarcane because of encouraging public policies and profitability. The chickpea area is mostly concentrated in central and southern region of India owing to evolution of short duration with tolerance of biotic and abiotic stresses. The net availability of pulses in India improved noticeably in recent years reaching to a level of 20.40 kg/year /capita as a result of higher internal production and large imports from North America, Russia, Australia, Myanmar and African nations. India imported one-fourth of total pulses production, mainly lentil, dry peas, pigeon pea, mung bean and urad bean to meet the rising demands of vegetarian population. India also exported Kabuli chickpea and organic pulses, a small portion of total production in Indian sub-continent, to African nations and Gulf countries.
For sustainable and higher production in India, concerted research efforts are required for development of cultivars having biotic and abiotic resistance with suitability for different agro-ecologies with continued support for adoption of improved production and protection technologies from various crop development programmes to realize higher farm yield. The additional area under pulses needs to be explored by extending cultivation in rice fallow areas in the eastern and coastal states, replacement with low productive crops, intercropping and cultivation on farm. Besides, robust market mechanism, price deficiency payment mechanism, lower limit of hoarding, proper storage facilities and creation of buffer stock, lucrative MSP and value addition are also required for sustaining pulses production in India. The PPP model and formation of FPOs for pulses should be extended to harvest higher yield and to benefit resource-poor pulse growers by undertaking activities such as assembling, processing, retailing etc. and also through collective bargaining. The pulses should be included in TDPS, MDM and SNP programmes to address nutrient deficiency and better accessibility of pulses to the under privileged sections of population.

Authors :
D.P. Malik
Professor and Head, Department of Agricultural Economics, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004.

Neeraj Pawar
Assistant Scientist (Agricultural Economics), Department of Agricultural Economics, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004.

Monika Devi
Assistant Scientist (Statistics), Department of Agricultural Economics, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004.

Sanjay
Assistant Scientist (Agricultural Economics), Department of Agricultural Economics, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125004.
 

Abstract
Despite rapid economic growth since the 1990s and agricultural reforms, India continues to be home to the largest number of the poor and the hungry in the world. Food security continues to elude large sections of vulnerable population, particularly in rural India. Different welfare schemes that have been initiated have increased their dependency on the government. As agriculture continues to be the backbone of rural economy employing the largest chunk of the population, despite its contribution to the GDP falling, the paper argues that agriculture and its allied activities need to be strengthened not only to feed millions but to ensure self-reliance of rural India. Further, as there is an increase of women–headed households and the feminization of agriculture, empowerment of women is crucial in reducing poverty and dependency in the rural economy while also ensuring food security. In this regard, the paper argues that ownership rights of land and other resources of production to women will empower them socially and economically, and increase their decision-making powers in family and community. These entitlements will build their capabilities and ensure food security, wherein family gets access to food and nutrition.

Author :
Seema Mallik
Faculty, Department of Political Science, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha.
 

Abstract
Agro-ecosystems provide various benefits termed as ecosystem services. Currently, more than 60 percent of ecosystem services supply is facing destruction or degradation. Rice is the staple crop of Kerala, cultivated in 7 diversified agro-ecosystems. The area and production under rice cultivation experienced a steep fall while productivity improved at a slow pace. This situation aggravated the problems such as food insecurity, poor profitability, environmental and ecological issues. Keeping in view the ecological significance and multifunctionality of rice ecosystems, the agro-ecosystem based approaches are best as it balances economic and ecological effects.

Authors :
B.Shanmugasundaram
Professor (Agricultural Extension), Division of Social Science, Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Kerala Agricultural University, Kerala.

Neetha Rose
Asst Professor (Agricultural Economics), Division of Social Science, Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Kerala Agricultural University, Kerala.
 

Abstract
Uttar Pradesh, the most populous state in the country, dominated by agrarian activities, continues to be backward in the national context and also in intra-state comparisons. The Eastern U.P. comprising of 28 districts is officially designated as the most backward region in Uttar Pradesh and each district faces situational factors of development which are unique to it. In 2018, the government of Uttar Pradesh came out with a unique scheme ‘One District One Product (ODOP)’ which was launched in 75 districts of the state. This scheme’s purpose is to encourage a district-specific product, either agricultural or craft-based, which has the potential to increase employment and means of livelihood. In this backdrop, this study attempts to analyze the impact of the ODOP scheme in increasing productivity of agricultural goods, generating employment and enhancing incomes of the beneficiaries in two aspirational districts of the Eastern Uttar Pradesh, namely, Balrampur and Siddharthnagar.The ODOP products of these two districts are Masoor Dal (Red Lentil) and Kalanamak rice, respectively. This study utilizes data collected through a field survey in the selected districts through a structured questionnaire. The study takes a qualitative and case study approach to analyze the problems and prospects in implementation of the ODOP scheme and suggest some policy interventions for making it a game changer in the upliftment of the beneficiaries of ODOP products.

Authors :
Roli Misra
Associate Professor, Department of Economics, University of Lucknow.

Nagendra Kumar
Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Economics, University of Lucknow.

Shivani Tewari
Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Study Hall College, University of Lucknow.
 

Abstract
Micro and Small Manufacturing Enterprises (MSMEs) in Thanjavur who mill rice have to depend on the common facility centre to increase their value addition and productivity by adopting a cluster development approach. They formed the Paddy and Rice Mill Cluster (PRMC) to make use of the common facility centre through interrelationships for cost minimization and profit maximization by converting paddy into rice.The objective is to study the Difference in Differences (DID) on the control and experimental variables on productivity after Government of India and Tamil Nadu Policy Intervention on PRMC. The methodology adopted is collection of data from 27 rice mill manufacturers and performing statistical analyses like CAGR, Descriptive, Correlation, Trend, Regression Analysis and also Structural Equation Modelling. Physical performance is an increasing trend for a number of units, employment and machinery and also for financial performance like turnover as per increasing CAGR. To conclude, the control group (who have not adopted the Cluster Development Approach) and the treatment group (who did adopt Cluster Development Approach) exhibit difference in differences on units, employment, machinery, and turnover. There is an increase in the utilization of the resources of the Common Facility Centre by the experimental group, which has resulted in a productivity increase.The cluster approach has been beneficial to the Paddy and Rice Mill Cluster members, by enabling their utilization of better infrastructure, procurement, technology, production and marketing technologies.

Author :
E. Bhaskaran
Joint Director (Engineering), Department of Industries and Commerce, Government of Tamil Nadu, Guindy, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

Abstract
Integrated fish polyculture and poultry rearing, directly in the transplanted rice fields, through the Annamalai Rice + Fish + Poultry design was upscaled for participatory on-farm research. This model was adopted in 200 m2 area of individual holdings by 300 wetland rice farmers in Tamil Nadu. Three model clusters, each comprising three villages with 100 farmers were formed in Tamil Nadu. The results proved that the livelihoods of farmers increased by 80 per cent (INR 25,516). On an average, manurial addition by poultry to rice was around 8 tonnes/ha/season displacing the use of fertilizers and pesticides. Additional employment generation was 219 mandays/ year. A total of 5,46,500 kg of broiler meat and 1,67,500 kg of fish were produced from these clusters in a three year duration. The average rice productivity for the 300 farm holdings from three districts increased by 9.38 percent.

Author :
Kathiresan Ramanathan
Professor of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Chidambaram.

 

Abstract
This study is totally based on the Kisan credit card scheme, which is very helpful to introduce the various features, importance, objectives, technical feasibility, financial viability and common as well as official documents that are required under this scheme. The model was being prepared by NABARD on the recommendations of the R.V. Gupta committee. This study was intended to evaluate the association between the level of productivity and size of land holdings of the beneficiaries of the Kisan credit card scheme, to find out the association between the levels of income and size of landholdings of the beneficiaries, as well as to find out the relationship between the level of productivity and level of income of the beneficiaries. This research-based study was conducted by adopting interview-based schedule randomly from the 140 respondents who are the beneficiaries under the Kisan credit card scheme of Rayagada district of Odisha. The researcher employed Chi-Square test as well as the Spearman rank correlation test by employing SPSS software to examine the hypothesized relationship. The conclusion suggests that “the different level of productivities” and “the different levels of the size of land holdings” as well as the significant association between the two variables such as “the different level of incomes” and “different size of land holdings” of the beneficiaries under this scheme by employing the Chi-Square test and at last there is a significant positive relationship between “the different level of incomes” and “the different levels of the size of landholding” of the beneficiaries under the Kisan credit card scheme of Rayagada District of Odisha.

Authors :
Karteek Madapana
Research Scholar, School of Management Studies, GIET University, Gunupur, Odisha.

N V J Rao
Principal Research Guide, GIET University, Gunupur, Odisha
 

Abstract
While land acquisition in the early stages of development in post-independence India did not face public resistance, the same action in the recent past raised questions on the nature of development, for, it started being realized that the development was also displacing people dependent on land for livelihood. Based on five selected recent examples in the states of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh in India, we explored how far it was development-oriented and to what extent it had adverse impact on the land-dependent marginalized sections in India’s rural economy. What we observed was that not only the owners of cultivable land were dispossessed of land but also the wage-workers on land lost the opportunity to remain engaged on land. The paper concludes with some recommendations.

Author :
Bhaskar Majumder
G. B. Pant Social Science Institute, Allahabad.
 

Abstract
This paper studies environmental attitudes and behaviours among adolescents using a survey of over 3,000 students from thirty schools in Kerala. The survey scale is adapted from the New Environmental Paradigm (NEP) scale, modified to fit the sample age group and environmental issues of Kerala. The results indicate that respondents on average have high levels of environmental awareness and hold beliefs that are consistent with protecting the environment, but falls short of translating them to environmental behaviors that are measured. Closing this gap between awareness and actions is critical to address rising environment challenges.

Authors :
Nirmala Padmanabhan
Associate Professor in Department of Economics, St. Teresa’s College (Autonomous), Ernakulam, India.

Raisa Sherif
PhD student at the Max Planck Institute for Tax Law and Public Finance, Munich Graduate School of Economics, University of Munich, Germany.
 

Abstract
The customer loyalty program has been used as a marketing tool to build strong relationships between a company and its customers. This program is used in many sectors like retail shops, hospitality industries, etc. The aviation industry also utilizes a passenger loyalty program which is referred to as the frequent flyer program. This study attempts to research how airlines gain passengers using this program with reference to Air India. As a famous full-service airline, Air India has its own frequent flyer program named Flying Returns. Data was collected from a sample of 100 Air India passengers from southern India selected using the snowball sampling method. Descriptive research was performed on the data. SPSS was used for analysis and interpretation. The findings from this research will be useful for Air India.

Authors :
N. V. Suresh
Assistant Professor and Head of the Department Remo International College, Chennai.

S. Bhavadharani
Student, Remo International College, Chennai.
 

Abstract
The paper tries to reflect on the concept of total factor productivity growth and its determinants, including technology, infrastructure and trade openness. The inverse relationship between labour productivity growth and employment growth becomes distinct particularly when one of the two grows rapidly. Policy planners would advocate for countries with low wages to have higher productivity growth so that the benefits can be transferred partly to the workers. On the other hand, sluggish productivity growth along with slow employment growth is not a desirable outcome. Only when value added growth is stepped up by total factor productivity growth (i.e., TFP-driven growth), employment growth can still be faster, particularly if the technology is labour intensive in nature and/or the “scale effect” is substantial.

Author :
Arup Mitra
Professor, Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi University Enclave, Delhi-110007.
 

Abstract
Technology assessment at different stages of a ‘technology development cycle’ is critical for successful technology development and deployment. One of the useful frame works for technology assessment is the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) scale. This paper draws attention to the evolution of this scale, making an implicit argument that revisiting the technologies developed in India through a suitably modified TRL scale can provide a useful direction for technology development and in translation/commercialization. It highlights the CSIR TRL assessment to show how the scale is developed in actual practice. It concludes with the challenges that need to be addressed while implementing this scale.

Authors :
Sujit Bhattacharya
CSIR National Institute of Science, Communication and Policy Research, K.S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi-110012.

Vipan Kumar
CSIR National Institute of Science Communication and Policy Research, K.S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi-110012.

Shiv Narayan Nishad
CSIR-National Institute of Science Communication and Policy Research, Krishnan Marg, New Delhi.
 

Abstract: CRISPR has emerged recently as a powerful molecular tool to quickly alter any mutated sequence of DNA in any gene accurately. Scientists have found it to be more efficient and accurate than other existing genome editing methods, that has the potential to transform genetic research and can greatly impact human health, food security, and environmental sustainability.
The present study is based on secondary data obtained from various data sources. Results reveal that the CRISPR-Cas9 system consists of a Cas9 enzyme and a guide RNA, which has become an indispensable alternative tool for producing targeted mutations. Owing to its relative simplicity and cost-effectiveness compared to other molecular clippers (ZFN and TALEN), the CRISPR-Cas9 method has been revealed to have an immense control on genetic studies regardless of the species variation. This revolutionary CRISPR technology has been successfully applied in the treatment of wide range of genetic diseases, and in the food and agriculture industries to achieve environmental sustainability.
In the present manuscript, we will briefly introduce the CRISPR/ Cas9 system and talk about the issues and concerns around the CRISPR system. Besides, their applications in the treatment of a wide range of genetic diseases, and future perspectives on the CRISPR system will be described. Despite its immense prospects, major issues including off-target activity, method of delivery, and ethical and regulatory issues still remain unresolved. In this paper, we explore the up-to-date evolution in the CRISPR–Cas9 technology and its applications in the clinical diagnosis, treatment and prevention of several common human diseases along with its current status in India.

Authors :
Bhawna Srivastava
Department of Zoology, DAV College, Kanpur, U.P, India.

Reddy P.B
Government PG College, Ratlam, M.P, India.
 

Abstract
This paper examines the firm-level determinants of productionrelated energy use in Indian manufacturing firms from 2008 to 2019. The methodological approach is to estimate a system of factor share equations for the Indian manufacturing sector. Our main results indicate that non-natural (biased) technological change explains ‘factor-saving’ for energy and labour, ‘factor-using’ for capital and materials, energy complements materials and capital, and substitutes for labour in terms of cross-price elasticities.

Authors :
Santosh Kumar Sahu
Assistant Professor, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras.

Satyanarayanan Seshadri
Associate Professor, Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras.
 

Abstract
Physical retail stores have switched to online selling after the pandemic. Since 19th March 2020, when a countrywide lockdown was declared by Shri N. Modi, the fear of the COVID19 virus and restrictions resulted in fewer consumers stepping out of their homes. Consumers have started shopping online and retailers have started buying & selling online. The order volume for unicommerce, ecommerce have increased by 31% in second quarter in year – on – year (e-commerce SaaS platform). Technological innovations are driving retail forward quickly, and retailers who can’t keep pace face risk of losing ground — both to online contenders and to physical stores that are making their own investments in digital transformations. (Text from: https://biztechmagazine.com/ resources/white-paper/technology-boost-retail-productivity). This study draws attention to some neglected strands of productivity of the retail sector. Through qualitative research, it will provide useful insights into productivity strategies that could allow productivity enhancements in the area of Digital Services Marketing. Digitalfirst and omnichannel retailers were able to transition more easily, but retailers that prioritized physical stores and face-to-face engagement over omnichannel strategies have struggled to respond. The study covers various aspects of e-commerce, but the focus will be on gathering qualitative insights from market participants on such trends, practices, and issues, which are relevant to the online retailing business of the existing physical and online retailers. The authors will describe productivity of the retail sector as a service. They will identify and describe exemplary anecdotes, with supportive data to describe how productivity of the retail business in India has increased because of the boost by technological advancement, and also suggest some strategies for global retailers.

Authors :
Vijayendra Gupta
Assistant Professor, Marwadi University, Rajkot.

Monica Verma
Associate Professor, Marwadi University, Rajkot.
 

Abstract
The micro manufacturing enterprises in Coonoor, Niligiris manufacturing woolen sweaters have to depend on the common facility centre to meet their technology, value addition and productivity needs by adopting the Cluster Development Approach. They formed the Coonoor Sweater Cluster (CSC) to make use of the common facility centre through technology inter-relationships for cost minimization and profit maximization by converting wool into sweaters. The objective is to study the effects of technology adopted by the Coonoor Sweater Cluster and the Difference in Differences (DID) between the control and experimental variables on productivity after the policy interventions by the Government of India and the Government of Tamil Nadu. The value chain was studied and cluster maps were formed. Data was collected from 125 Coonoor sweater manufacturers and analysed using statistical tools like Descriptive Statistics, CAGR, Correlation, Trend, Regression Analysis, and Structural Equation Modelling. Physical Performance is on an increasing trend in terms of no. of units, employment and production, as are financial performance measures like turnover as per increasing CAGR. To conclude, after the new technology intervention and value chain analysis, the profit earned per firm has increased. The difference in difference (DID) of the control group (who have not undergone Cluster Development Approach) and the treatment group (who have undergone Cluster Development Approach) shows a significant difference in the number of units, employment, production, and turnover, with an increase in productivity. This is due to the adoption of latest technology in cluster development approach by experimental group by managing latest technology in common facility centre available in the Cluster. The interrelationships because of the cluster approach enables members make use of infrastructure, procurement, technology, production, and marketing successfully.

Author :
E. Bhaskaran
Joint Director (Engineering), Department of Industries and Commerce, Government of Tamil Nadu, Guindy, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

Abstract
The agricultural supply chain has the capability to strengthen the social and economic well-being of a nation, if it can be run effectively and efficiently. This requires accelerating the transformation of the agro supply chain from its traditional approach to an innovative and technologically advanced one. The adoption of blockchain technology enhances the transparency and traceability of the entire agro supply chain through the elimination of trust related issues among the involved actors. By leveraging the benefits of blockchain technology, policymakers can work towards achieving food security by ensuring availability and accessibility of quality food for citizens. To attain this, the concerned authorities should have a thorough understanding of the various risks associated with food security issues in the existing food system. This research involves the identification of food security risks and their classification in three categories based on exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Further, a conceptual framework has been developed to assess the impact of blockchain technology on the resultant risk categories; social, economic, and operational risks.The study provides valuable insights to decision makers as to how they can adopt blockchain technology throughout agro supply chain in order to deal with existing risks.

Authors :
Rachita Gupta
Indian Institute of Management Kashipur, Kashipur, Uttarakhand - 244713, India.

Ravi Shankar
Department of Management Studies, Vishwakarma Building, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi – 110016, India.
 

Abstract
Hospitality organizations across the industry are struggling; sustainability has been especially hard during the COVID-19 crisis.Permanent and temporary layoffs were inevitable for the survival of many Indian hospitality organizations. The COVID-19 outbreak limited traveller mobility and hotels observed drops in occupancy rates and revenue per available room (RevPar), as people were required to stay at home. It is clear that uncontrollable factors and events in India adversely affected the hospitality industry and its performance. The key to success for all hospitality organizations is to identify early indicators of these consumer actions and provide proper service based on the current customer behaviours (Lee & Ann, n.d.). This paper discusses the effects of COVID-19 on the hotel industry and analyse the seven main revamping strategies in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. These strategies are: 1) live update about sanitization, 2) fitness certification of hotel and F&B staff members, 3) use of UV sterilizer and disinfection spray, 4) use of technology, 5) redesign space, 6) avoiding over crowding, and 7) overall hygiene. This paper is based on an overview of the relevant literature on these revamping strategies. The author will investigate how the hospitality industry can recover post COVID-19, and how it can be made sustainable in a dramatically changed world. Anexploratory research design has been used, convenient sampling was employed for data collection, and the appropriate statistical tools were used for analysis. This paper presents a charter for the hospitality industry post COVID-19. The recommended revamping strategies are intended to help hotels recover from the COVID-19 pandemic.

Author :
Anurodh Godha
Assistant Professor of Commerce, School of Commerce and Management, Director, Regional Centre, Ajmer, Vardhman Mahaveer Open University, Kota (Rajasthan) India.
 

Abstract
The drip system of irrigation is said to have a major impact on agricultural resource and cost savings, yield of crops and overall profitability. Hence, the drip system of irrigation should be extensively promoted, especially in those areas where there is insufficient water for irrigation. However, there is resistance from farmers because the lateral pipes required for this system are expensive, and are susceptible to salt deposits and rodent damage. The majority off armers are not able to replace the damaged laterals. Other factors that lead to low adoption of the drip irrigation system are lack of knowledge about maintenance, inability to monitor the drippers continuously, lack of follow up activities or service from the drip company, and unavailability of spare parts.

Authors :
G. Nedumaran
Professor, Department of Commerce, Alagappa University, Karaikudi.

M. Manida
Research Scholar, Department of Commerce, Alagappa, University, Karaikudi.
 

Abstract
In recent years, the education sector has been visualized not only its ability to enhance human capability but also by its potential to provide people with an assured and lasting future. The ensuing study covers the district of Allahabad from Uttar Pradesh, and is based on primary and secondary data. While the secondary data has been procured from the AICTE website, ASSOCHAM reports and some other reports published by State Governments and the Central Government; primary data has been collected from the eight management institutes in Allahabad from both government and private sectors that recorded the highest levels of enrollment.

Authors :
Rukmani Devi
Research Scholar in Economics, G B Pant Social Science Institute, Allahabad.

S K Pant
Professor in Economics, G B Pant Social Science Institute, Allahabad.
 

Abstract
India is inching towards digitalisation of essential services riding on technological innovations and development. In the drive to digitise, banks are offering various services through different platforms and mobile banking is one such service. Users’ mindsets and demographics are changing. In this competitive era, it is difficult for the banking organisations to retain their initial adopters to continue utilising their services. This makes identification of the antecedents of continuance intention of mobile banking usage an important research area that can help the banks to segment their markets on the basis of user attitude to effectively formulate strategies and retain their existing users.

Authors :
Vibhuti Tripathi
Associate Professor & Head, School of Management Studies, MNNIT Allahabad.

Ankita Khare
Research Scholar, School of Management Studies, MNNIT Allahabad.

Kumar Saurabh
Assistant Professor, ICFAI Dehradun.

 

Abstract
Improvements in productivity are the mainstay of manufacturing companies. These companies face the challenge of identifying suitable groups of customers to present their offerings and hence are on a constant lookout for innovations either in their product, ways to market the product, or to influence other stages in their value chain. Given the emergence of diversified purchase platforms, a new insight is the emerging segment of ‘virtually erudite’ customers that emerges out of this research. This segment promises a range of gains for both companies and customers in the given group. Frameworks for segmentation are evolving, and the most significant evolution in recent times is the departure from existing frameworks due to technological interventions. This piece of research establishes how there is a shift from the traditional brick and mortar purchase considerations to the behaviour of the virtually erudite segment. The research finds out how humans of different age groups exhibit different purchase behaviour (this is true for the year 2021). Differences in purchase behaviour have evolved due to technological exposure and technology adaptation which gives rise to technological rationality. The result of complete interaction between the abovementioned variables is the virtual erudite segment. Segmentation as we all know is the classification of a group of customers with different needs into sub-groups with similar needs and preferences. This has its own ramifications at the production level also. The STP model which consists of segmentation, targeting, and positioning is well accepted in modern marketing. It is important to create a clear segmentation strategy to successfully implement STP practices in the current dynamic environment. The approach falters if the right criteria have for segmentation are not set. The following work looks at how technology has influenced the understanding of the prospects of customer groups and has changed their perception, process of purchase, and post purchase behaviour. This work has been addressed to four different groups consisting of students, businessmen, servicemen, and executives of the e-commerce platforms, through unstructured questionnaires. The work introduces virtual erudite as a new category of segmentation, and presents a detailed discussion on how this category has evolved and is applicable to most parts of the globe.

Authors :
Ajai Prakash
Associate Professor, Department of Business Administration, University of Lucknow.

Ajitesh K. Tiwari
Research Associate, Department of Business Administration, University of Lucknow.
 

Abstract
The purpose of marketing is to match the needs and wants of the customers with the products and services offered by the producers. In order to do so effectively and efficiently, manufacturers and producers need to understand the consumer markets and plan their offerings. This is achieved by (a) deciding which consumer groups to focus on (segmenting and targeting) and (b) the image of the organisation that needs to be created in the marketplace (positioning). These two decisions are critical to the organisation as they decide on the long-term commitment of the organisation and cannot be easily reversed. In this paper, we aim to focus on understanding market segmentation stability using cluster indexes. We look at 10 cluster indexes and then demonstrate the process using a real-world database. It is to be remembered that the focus of this paper is not to make readers expert on segmentation but to demonstrate how we can create better segments using the modern tools and techniques available to us.

Author :
Rohit Vishal Kumar
Associate Professor (Marketing), International Management Institute, Bhubaneswar.
 

Abstract: The Generation Alpha cohort is a customer group made up of children born after 2010 to millennial parents. Universally recognised as a distinct segment, this generation is at ease with technology, is incredibly tech-savvy, and is very active on social media from a young age. Communicating with this cohort must be done in a way that appeals to them and through the media they utilise. The literature suggests that increased exposure to social media advertisements stimulates Generation Alpha to become customers with persuasive power over their parents’ buying behaviour. This research employs a qualitative approach, using the content-coding technique, to profile Generation Alpha and propose a framework for market segmentation. Using this framework, marketers can fine-tune marketing strategies focusing on business sustainability.

Authors :
Anand Shankar Raja M
Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore.

Deep Jyoti Gurung
Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore.

Theresa Nithila Vincent
Professor and Head, Department of Commerce, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore.
 

Abstract
The Indian agrarian economy is facing a distress situation on account of mounting farmer suicides year after year. This is a serious socio-economic issue as it affects not only the farmers but also their families. A staggering number of farmer suicides have been reported, particularly in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, and West Bengal. This has aggravated the Indian agricultural sector that is already battling problems such as under-performance, low production, and low vigour for a long time now. In October this year, India Today reported that over 15,000 farmers has committed suicide in Maharashtra in a span of 6 years from 2013 to 2018. This is the just one instance of the reporting on farmers suicide over the past few years. These suicides have posed a big question mark on the Indian economy, ranked seventh in terms of nominal GDP by the IMF Economic Forum in 2018. On the one side, the Indian economy is on its way to becoming the 5th largest economy of the world by surpassing United Kingdom and France in 2019. On the other side, its farm sector is facing distress deaths and massive despair. The present paper, therefore, makes an attempt to investigate these incidents and uncover the causal variables leading to this epidemic that is rapidly spreading to the entire country.
The paper is divided under four sections. Section I provides an introduction to farmer suicides in India. In addition, the objectives and methodology of the paper have been discussed. In Section II, an attempt has been made to highlight the gravity of this issue which is hampering the health of Rural Indian Economy. A factsheet has been prepared that enumerates the facts and figures related to this issue. Further, in Section III, an extensive review of research work on farmer suicides has been done in order to describe the critical causal variables. For this purpose, the literature and figures from 1995 to 2021 have been considered. The paper ends with Section IV where concluding remarks have been mentioned along with some suggestive measures.

Author :
Priyanka Murria
Associate Professor (Economics), Institute of Innovation in Technology and Management, G.G.S.I.P University, New Delhi.
 

Abstract: Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy, but the truth is, the situation of the farmers is dire. India has a lot of sectors and professions, and they seem to grow at a healthy rate. The agriculture sector has also grown extensively, but farmers have been struggling to improving their quality of life, especially in times of distress, such as climate change and disaster (Covid 19). Therefore, an attempt has been made in this study to analyze the economic returns of sweet potato cultivation using farm level data collected from Kalaiyar Kovil block, Sivagangai district of Tamil Nadu. The study reveals that sweet potato cultivation provides a number of benefits, especially for the poor and marginal farmers. Sweet potato is comparatively free from many serious diseases in India, although the crop has been reported susceptible to more than 40 diseases in other countries. Consequently, sweet potato is considered as a win-win crop as an environmentally sound and a farmer-friendly crop. Sweet potatoes cultivation demands less pesticides, fertilizers and labour, because of which, there is lesser land degradation. Besides, the profit realized from sweet potato cultivation is substantially higher at about `65,142 / acre.

Authors :
P. Jothi
Adjunct Lecturer, Department of Economics and Rural Development, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu.

C. Renuka
Adjunct Lecturer, Department of Economics and Rural Development, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu.

N. Devika
Adjunct Lecturer, Department of Economics and Rural Development, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu.
 

Abstract
This paper is based on different rounds of National Sample Survey Organization data from 1993–94 to the recent PLFS (2017-18) unit level data to elaborate on the patterns and trends of female labour-force participation in Uttar Pradesh’s labour market. It charts the extent of the recent downward plunge in Female Labour-force Participation Rates (FLPR) and estimates the contribution of various demographic and socioeconomic factors affecting their participation in the labour market. An analysis of the data reveals that female labour force participation dropped between 2004-05 to 2017–18 in rural areas (14.9 percent points) and in urban areas during the same period (6.4 percent points). It develops a multinomial regression model based on unit level data from the NSSO to comprehend factors that influence the choice of employment in both informal and formal labour markets in Uttar Pradesh. The variables selected for the analysis are income deciles, social groups, religion, educational level, age, and household size, as these are the drivers of the decisions pertaining to the choice of sectors whether informal or formal. Informal workers include unpaid family workers, self-employed, and casual wage workers. Women in the age group 15-59 were studied to ascertain their choice of economic activities.

Authors :
Nomita P. Kumar
Assistant Professor, Giri Institute of Development Studies, Lucknow.

Achala Srivastava
Senior Research Associate, Giri Institute of Development Studies, Lucknow.
 

Abstract
Seven dairy units, spread over the erstwhile Andhra Pradesh were studied for a period of 7 years, using Discriminant Analysis. The study is divided into two sections; the first section deals with the identification of a set of variables to construct a model for evaluating the performance of the dairy units; the second section is concerned with developing the discriminant function to predict the nature of the performance.
Z= -22.009 – 3.21*CR + 6.92*LR + 12.71*STCR + 0.21*SWCR + 28.32*BFWC + 32.56*PR + 1.99*DER +1.19 * GPR – 0.318 *NPR+ 2.968 * ICR — (6.1)
We evaluated the function given in (6.1) for each unit by substituting the values of the 10 FRs mentioned in the function, which gave us the Z-Scores for each unit. If the score was equal to or more than the cutoff value, the unit was classified as good; otherwise it was classified as poor. We concluded that three dairies are good performers, and the remaining four dairies are poor performers.

Authors :
P. Sarveswara Rao
Assistant Professor of Commerce, SR & BGNR Government Arts & Science College, Khammam, Telangana.

N. Madhava Rao
Assistant Professor of Commerce, Government Degree College, Nelakondapalli, Khammam, Telangana.
 

Abstract
Uttar Pradesh is ranked first in the labour migration from India to the Gulf countries according to the analysis of emigration clearance data of the ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. In this content the present paper analysed the impact of occupation on income, remittances and expenditure of international return migrant labourers of Uttar Pradesh in Gulf countries. I conducted field work between November 2017 and March 2018 in selected rural and urban areas of Lucknow district in Uttar Pradesh. The findings from the study show that semi-skilled including drivers, tailors, welders, plumbers, and electricians gained skills of occupation through informal mode during internal migration in cities of India while skilled migrant including managers and engineers gained skills of occupation through formal mode in training institutions/organisations in India. It is found that there was interconnection between internal and international migration because a vast majority of the international return migrant labourers were involved in internal migration before migration to Gulf countries. Analyses of primary data show that international return migrant labourers gained more income in Gulf countries relative to internal migration in India. Skills of occupation determined the pattern of income, remittances, and expenditure of international return migrant labourers in both internal and international migration. Apart from this, analyses of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) model show that there were significant differences in the pattern of income, remittances, and expenditure of international return migrant labours according to the skills of occupation in Gulf countries.

Author :
Mohammed Taukeer
Research Fellow in The International Institute of Migration and Development, Trivandrum, Kerala.
 

Abstract
Physical classroom learning is no longer the sole mode of learning for the current younger generations (Gen Y onwards) nowadays. Internet-enabled distance learning, generally known as online education plays a vital role in the country’s education system. It is undeniable that online education provides ample of benefits to young learners. Nevertheless, there are many negative implications from online education. Limited collaborative learning, increase in time spent and effort are some negative implications of online education. This study examines such implications of online education among students, especially during the pandemic. Data was collected through a survey questionnaire and interviews, and was analyzed using SPSS. The study found that there are various serious issues with online education and its effect on the quality of the education provided in India to a certain extent. Several issues were identified, which have to be resolved in order to sustain the quality of education for future generations. Furthermore, India should formulate a standard policy, monitor the implementation of online education closely, evaluate and review the teaching methods used and institute regular upgrades in order to maintain the quality of online education.

Author :
S. Catherine Rex
Asst. Professor, AMET Business School, AMET University, Chennai.
 

Abstract
There have been remarkable achievements in terms of life expectancy and mortality rates across the globe. The traditional economist accepted health as a by-product of economic prosperity, but was unable to explain the historical gains in health. Our paper discusses the empirical connections by which improvements in health lead to economic growth, and more broadly to human development, and examines health interventions in light of economic development. The review concludes that health is an important contributor to productivity and overall well-being, and this can be achieved through a multisectoral action. It endorses the “health in all policies” and targeting “causes of causes” approaches to achieve sustainable development.

Authors :
Neha Purohit
Research Officer, Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, PGIMER, Chandigarh.

Shankar Prinja
Professor – Health Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, PGIMER, Chandigarh.
 

Abstract
India is on the path to becoming an economic superpower but its performance in the health component of human development, particularly that of women is not impressive at all. The typical advantage in life expectancy is not afforded to women in India. In the context of the new economics of liberalization and the challenges it presents to work, human security, and development, it is necessary to understand whether women are in a position to take advantage of the economic take-off. Therefore, this paper is an attempt to analyse the health issues of women in India in relation to their work environment, productivity, and welfare. It focuses on two broad areas of gender-based differences and inequalities, viz. the links between gender and economic productivity, and the development of human capital.
 

Author :
V. Basil Hans
Retired Associate Professor, St Aloysius Evening College, Mangalore.
 

Abstract
The aim of this study is to examine the socio-economic patterns of tobacco cessation among tobacco users (smokers as well as smokeless tobacco users). Data on tobacco users was derived from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey 2016-17 (GATS-2). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the association of socio-demographic variables with tobacco cessation outcomes. Tobacco users of lower socio-economic status were found to be less successful in quitting, compared with their counterparts of higher socio-economic. The inequalities identified suggest targeted interventions for particular groups of tobacco users. Decreases in morbidity and mortality attributable to tobacco will have long-term effects on productivity of the population.

Authors :
Rajmohan Panda
Research Division, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, Haryana.

Supriya Lahoti
Research Division, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, Haryana.

Rajath R Prabhu
Research Division, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, Haryana.
 

Abstract
This paper assesses the child health deprivation ratio, intensity, and determinants of multidimensional child health deprivation in West Bengal using unit level data from the two latest rounds, 2005- 06 and 2015-16, of the National Family Health Survey. Our analysis shows that children were more deprived in terms of health rather than in terms of nutrition, sanitation, and safe drinking water. Child health deprivation in West Bengal has decreased significantly over time, but still remains a major concern. Ordered logistic regression illustrates that higher education levels, health insurance, supplementary nutrition and other services from ICDS play a vital role in reducing child deprivation in West Bengal.

Authors :
Satyanarayan Kumbhakar
Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Economics, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, India.

Shama Firdaush
Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Economics, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, India.

Pinaki Das
Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, India.
 

Abstract
A few Chennai-based micro and small enterprises manufacturing steel products faced a few issues with reference to value addition in the pharma products manufactured by them. The Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) approached the Government of Tamil Nadu (GoTN) and the Government of India (GoI) through the Tamil Nadu Small Industries Development Corporation (TANSIDCO) and formed a cluster at Alathur Pharma, SIDCO Industrial Estate, Chennai for the installation of a Common Effluent Treatment Plant. The objective is to examine the physical and financial performance of the Pharma clusters, and ascertain the productivity of the cluster by analyzing independent variables like No. of Units, Employment and Production, and dependent variables like Exports. The methodology adopted for this study consists of collecting primary data like no. of units [Un], employment in no’s [En], production in crores [Pc] and exports in crores [Ec], and its analysis using tools such as Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR), Descriptive Analysis, Correlation Analysis, Trend Analysis, Regression Analysis, Structural Equation Modelling, and Value Chain Analysis. There is an increase in the number of units, employment, production, and exports after adopting the Cluster Development Approach, leading to an increase in productivity, which is expected to continue well into the future.

Author :
E. Bhaskaran
Joint Director (Engineering), Department of Industries and Commerce, Government of Tamil Nadu, Guindy, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
 

Abstract
This paper studies the impact of nonlinear income distribution on economic growth in the developing world. Understanding whether there is a trade-off between growth and inequality is fundamental in order to pay adequate attention to those policies that fend increases in inequality, which may harm overall growth. Beyond simple organizational identity implied by the cross-country panel regression analyses and Kuznets curve, this work attempts to shed light on the impact and dynamic causal relationship between inequality and economic growth — using vector auto regression (VAR) models and vector error correction model (VECM) for individual economies. The study highlights constituents such as access to legal and credit systems for the poor, which are fundamental for creating an egalitarian society and to eliminate the unfair advantages enjoyed by the rich. It also provides useful means for promoting participation through designing and monitoring programs and projects. Given the increasing challenges of reducing inequalities, economies could create a proper inequality quarry as a binding constraint in achieving economic growth, rather than using strategies like growth first and redistribution later.

Authors :
Mohd Azhar Ud Din Malik
Lecturer, Department of Higher Education, Jammu & Kashmir.

Muzamil Jan
Assistant Professor, Department of Higher Education, Jammu & Kashmir.
 

Abstract
The economic reforms of 1991, Liberalisation, Privatisation, and Globalisation (LPG) changed the composition and structure of the emerging Indian economy significantly, which reallocated factors of economic activities in India transversely. It is in this context that the present paper examines the emerging trends in labour productivity, structural changes, and economic growth in India at an aggregate as well as disaggregate level during the period 1980-81 to 2017-18. The study analyses the contribution of productivity growth and structural change to the overall economic growth at the country as well as the state level. The McMillan and Rodrik growth accounting approach was employed which decomposes labour productivity growth into ‘within’ sector and ‘structural change’ components. The progress is diverse across the state level in India, indicating that labour has not been exiting agriculture as fast as the share of value added by agriculture has been declining. The results also reveal that changing final demand is the most crucial factor in labour reallocation in India. Due to its existing structure, India is capable of leading global economic growth in the future. There is a great need for policies on human capital development, and outwardoriented, economic reform measures.

Authors :
Sanjeev Kumar
Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut.

Kavita Baliyan
Assistant Professor, Giri Institute of Development Studies (GIDS), Lucknow.

Simran
Research Scholar, Department of Economics, University of Lucknow, Lucknow.
 

Abstract
The reason why the migrant workers decided to return home postdeclaration of lockdown abruptly declared by the Government of India, was their immediate job loss. Also, they had been evicted by their landlords for non-payment of rent. The distressed migrant workers’ return home was different from reverse migration in that it was not accompanied by any informed job opportunity at the root state. This paper examines the impact of lockdown on returnee migrant workers.

Author :
Bhaskar Majumder
G. B. Pant Social Science Institute, Allahabad.
 

Abstract
Ecological sensitivity refers to the permanent and irreversible damage of existing biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem with a considerable erosion in the functional aspects of progression and speciation with the alterations in the ecological integrity of a region. The comprehensive knowledge of the ecological fragility of a region will aid in evolving strategies of conservation. This entails understanding factors responsible for ecological sensitivity, including landscape dynamics, to visualize future transitions to mitigate the problems of haphazard and uncontrolled development approaches. Ecological sensitive regions at disaggregated levels were identified in Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka State, India. The 33% (24 grids) of the area corresponding to 54 villages represents ESR 1, 20% (15 grids) of the area is demarcated as ESR 2 covering 81 villages, 28% (20 grids) of the area encompassing 145 villages shows ESR 3, and 19% area (14 grids) covering 100 villages ESR 4. Regions ESR 1 and ESR 2 indicate high ecological sensitiveness that needs to be protected with stringent conservation measures. ESR 3 denotes a zone of moderate conservation, with scope for structured developmental activities. ESR 4 represents a zone of the least diverse space, with the potential for developmental activities in accordance with the local requirements under stringent regulatory monitoring with vigilance.

Authors :
T V Ramachandra
Energy & Wetlands Research Group, Center for Ecological Sciences [CES], Centre for Sustainable Technologies (astra), Centre for infrastructure, Sustainable Transportation and Urban Planning [CiSTUP], Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka.

Bharath Setturu
Energy & Wetlands Research Group, Center for Ecological Sciences [CES], Bangalore, Karnataka.

Vinay S
Energy & Wetlands Research Group, Center for Ecological Sciences [CES], Bangalore, Karnataka.
 

Abstract
India has experienced several climate disasters which have had an adverse effect on the large rural population of 857 million, who are among the most vulnerable and in need of climate justice. There is a resurgence of community resilience underscored through the philosophical strands interwoven in the cultures, traditions, religions, and values that accord special merit to ecological conservation and the regeneration of nature. People’s participation in the process of development and localized solutions to their problems leads to self-reliance which is on the basis of the Atmanirbhar Bharat policy being promoted by the government. The pandemic has sparked a rethinking of the much trodden economic development path to a people-centric approach based on building and strengthening social capital and community participation for sustainable development. This paper will analyze the interrelations between communication and culture for building resilient communities for the mitigation of climate change, and strategic action towards climate justice that lies at the heart of inclusive sustainable development.

Author :
Kiran Prasad
Department of Communication & Journalism, Sri Padmavati Mahila University, Tirupati.
 

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to examine whether technology leads to an increase in a bank’s productivity. The main objective of technology investment is to improve the efficiency of operations, reduce employee cost and increase the revenue by offering innovative products and services. There is a trade-off between the cost of investment and the benefits arising thereon. The paper examines whether the investment in technology improves bank productivity. Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE) are considered as the performance measures (outputs) of banks. The input variables are the ratio of IT investment to net fixed assets, IT to equity, IT to total cost, and IT to operating cost. Overall, 34 public and private banks were considered for the study, and panel data analysis are applied to measure the effect of leading indicators on profitability. The study covers the period between 2010 and 2019. We found there is a positive effect of investment in technologies on the profitability and performance of the Indian commercial banks. However, the effect is more evident in public sector banks than in private sector banks.

Authors :
T Viswanathan : Professor, Symbiosis Institute of Business Management, Bengaluru.
Kartikay Pathak : MBA Student, Symbiosis Institute of Business Management, Bengaluru.
Nidhi Nair : MBA Student, Symbiosis Institute of Business Management, Bengaluru.

 

Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a dynamic tool that has incredible potential for positive effect if the organisations utilise it with adequate consideration and conscientiousness. The rise of AI has certainly brought transformation in financial services business in a very broad, multi-dimensional context.
This paper deals with the dimension where AI equally contributes positively to the financial services of a company and it may include trading, risk management, asset management, credit decisions, virtual assistants and prevention of fraud and banking services. The paper presents a holistic view on AI today: where it works and what is for the financial services industry to facilitate better delivery of customer services and robust decisions all across, on a transparent and integral manner.

Authors :
Seema Ghosh : Assistant Professor, Bhavans Vivekananda College of Science, Humanities and Commerce,Sainikpuri, Hyderabad
Deepak Chanda : Senior Assistant Director, ICAI, Kanpur
 

Abstract
Financial Technology (Fintech) has completely changed the entire Indian financial ecosystem. Fintech has reshaped the banking system, especially after the 2008 financial crisis. There has been a huge growth in the usage of debit cards, mobile wallets, ATMs, prepaid cards, RTGS, NEFT, internet banking, mobile banking etc., in the past two decades. However, with advancement of technology, the customers’ perception regarding probability of risk in conducting online banking transaction is also increasing. As the usage of internet has increased, the knowledge of people and their access to information has also improved. Hence, it is necessary to understand the perception of the bank customers with respect to digital banking. It is also necessary to do a comparative study of private and public sector banks customer’s experience with digital banking. Hence, for this study, a descriptive research is used. The views and opinions of 300 respondents were collected through a structured questionnaire. The data was analysed through different statistical tools like frequency table with percentages rank order, and independent t test in SPSS. The analysis reveals that the main reasons for customers to use cashless or digital transactions is that they are a faster way of performing transactions. The study also concludes that for some of the services offered by private and public sector banks, there is no significant difference in the experience levels of the customers. But for the services regarding online home loan facility, online investing of funds, mobile banking services, online application for loan, internet banking services, chatbot and SMS alert facilities, there is a significant difference in the level of experience and satisfaction of customers. For these services, the customers of private sector banks are more satisfied than the customers of public sector banks. Hence, it is recommended that public sector banks should enhance their digital products / services.

Authors :
Gazia Sayed : Faculty-Finance, IES Management College and Research Centre - Mumbai
Najmus Sahar Sayed : Faculty-Accounts, Oriental College of Commerce And Management - Mumbai.
 

Abstract
Efficiency of the banking system is critical to every economy. Owing to intense competition, increased customer expectation and a dynamic financial environment, the efficiency and performance evaluation have become a serious concern for the bank managers and stakeholders and regulators and government at large. The choice of an appropriate method of performance, efficiency evaluation is critical to decision makers and policy makers. In the recent past, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) has emerged as an effective tool for judging various efficiency aspects of the DecisionMaking Units (DMUs). Within the DEA framework, we find a variety of methods and approaches which have their own benefits and limitations. Analysis of literature hints out that the major problem of contrasting research outputs owes to the selection of input and output variables. In this paper, we have formulated various models by combining inputs and outputs and using a sensitivity analysis, we evolve a methodology for model selection that can best suit to evaluate the performance efficiency of Indian banks. We argue that our approach is better compared to the conventional production approach used by authors in an Indian context and is independent of time frames and sample data sets.

Authors :
Seema Garg : Associate Professor, Amity International Business School, Amity University, Noida
Pankaj Kumar Gupta : Professor, Centre for Management Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi (India).
 

Abstract
Mobile banking is an emerging trend among all segments of people across all geographical regions of India. Mobile banking increases the hope that financial services given through mobile phones can remove all constraints of conventional banking and enhance financial inclusion of people in simple and easy ways. The findings of this study reveal that significant difference exists between insight of customers on mobile banking of public sector banks and their personal features. Convenient, security for transactions, costeffective, user-friendly, privacy for personal information and minimum efforts are the features that have positive and significant influence on the financial inclusion of customers of public sector banks. Thus, public sector banks should cost-effectively provide mobile banking and must ensure privacy for personal information. These measures will enhance financial inclusion of customers of public sector banks.

Authors :
R. Gokilavani : Associate Professor, PSG College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore, India
M. Durgarani : Assistant Professor, Jeppiaar Engineering College, Chennai, India.
 

Abstract
Technological innovations in financial sector, commonly known as Fintech, have the potential to transform the present financial practices across the globe. Here, the application of Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT)/blockchain technology has garnered wide interest within the central banking community and the regulators as it is having a potential to overcome from present critical challenges in financial inclusion and transformation. Such as the currency and critical payments infrastructure (payment, clearing and settlement processes), operational & risk management, cyber resilience, how funds are transferred and used in securities market to clear and settle securities, commodities and derivatives. As there is no accepted term & potential having wide spectrum of possible deployments of DLT arrangement, various industries are using various ways according to their needs. The paper explains, reviews the different DLT arrangements, and their potential benefits and challenges in implementing it in the retail segment’s payment infrastructure in India. This paper proposes a model DLT arrangement in the form of Peer to Peer Restricted Distributed Ledger Technological (P2PRDLT) Arrangement and related architecture resilience with present payment framework in India. In P2PRDLT arrangement, care is taken wherever it is necessary, control and present responsibilities of various participants (Nodes) are retained and synchronized. The paper envisages the need for integrating the new fintech potential implications for efficient systemic stability, innovations and overall safety for financial markets more broadly as a positive step from the present classic banking towards taking India to Payments 2.0 Banking.

Author :
Rahul Jairam Nikam : LL.M, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Law at Faculty of Law, Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India.
 

Abstract
Information technology has transformed multiple industries with startlingly rapid progress. Banking is one of the industries which is determinedly using information technologies to automate many of its services. One such area that got transformed is the way money was transferred. With the advent of digital wallets, there has been a dramatic shift in payment method preferences and behaviour. The present research paper studies the behaviour and preferences of digital wallet users across various age groups. The data was collected from 101 respondents from four different age groups using structured questionnaire. The data was analysed using tests like cross-tabulation, Leven statistics and ANOVA. The researchers found that Google Pay was the most preferred digital wallet followed by Paytm and PhonePe. Google Pay was successful in capturing significant market even after coming late into the market. Most users of digital wallets use it for bookings, bill payments, fees payments and transportation payments. It was found that respondents believe that digital wallets are safe to use.

Authors :
Sushil Mavale and Fiza Niyas : Symbiosis Centre for Management Studies, Symbiosis International University, Pune
Parag A. Narkhede : Institute of Management and Research, Jalgaon.
 

Abstract
Development economics literature provides contending hypotheses on whether the manufacturing or services sector is an engine of growth in developing economies. In the case of India, the services sector has become an engine of growth by ‘leap-frogging’- sidestepping the industrial sector which can have serious repercussion for the economy. Therefore, there is an urgent need to revive the manufacturing sector to sustain India’s growth rate in the medium and long term. With this background, the paper examines an important question: What determines manufacturing sector employment in India? In this paper the Random Effect Regression Model is applied on panel data for 20 states of India for three time periods i.e.1999-2000, 2004-05 and 2011-12 to identify the factors which can be expected to influence manufacturing sector employment. URB, FLFPR and SERVEMP were significant, emphasizing the importance of policies which promote urbanization, higher female labor force participation and service sector jobs.

Author :
Seema Joshi : Associate Professor of Economics, Department of Commerce, Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi, Delhi.
 

Abstract
Government provides certain direct and indirect facilities to boost the agriculture sector through different financial institutions. Credit helps the farming community to purchase modern machines, tub wells, seeds, fertiliser, pesticides and other inputs. The aim of the present study is to analyse the trends and impact of direct institutional credit on agricultural productivity in India. Secondary data have been used (1980–81 to 2017–18). Descriptive statistics and multiple natural log linear regression models have been employed. The study reveals that there was a positive growth in flow of institutional credit to agriculture sector. After new economic reforms, there was a significant progress of SCBs credit to agriculture sector compared to Cooperative Banks, RRBs. The main finding is that all the independent variables (area, credit, fertiliser and new economic reforms) are affecting positively and significantly on agriculture productivity in India.

Author :
Kappa Kondal : UGC-Post Doctoral Fellow, Dept. of Economics, Osmania University, Telangana State, India
 

Abstract
This paper discusses some of the dimensions of agrarian distress in Uttar Pradesh that is leading to the collapse of the farmer’s economy. The paper draws upon the fact that U.P.’s economy is still predominantly rural. Agriculture remains the main source of livelihood and accounts for the highest share in the total workforce but is accompanied by decline in the share of national product. This paper is divided into four prominent sections. The crisis is observed to impinge upon the increasing marginalization of holdings leading to the emergence of small – marginal holdings as a numerically dominant group. Another section focuses on the growing resource crunch experienced in agriculture and the resultant indebtedness. The fifth section deals with the credit availability and their impact on the farming community. The final section is devoted to conclusion and discussion of alternative strategies to overcome the current crisis to launch agriculture on the path of accelerated growth and development.

Author :
Nomita P. Kumar : Assistant Professor, Giri Institute of Development Studies, Lucknow